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  • PROCESS RESEARCH
    Effect of microstructure homogenization on mechanical properties of Cr-Ni-Mo steel
    Shi Changxin, Gu Guochao, Cui Shugang, Xu Wenhua, Xiao Guiyong, Lü Yupeng
    2023, 48(12):  1-6.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.001
    Abstract ( 86 )   PDF (5916KB) ( 97 )  
    Homogenization treatment of AISI 4330 steel with banding defects was carried out through a step-by-step cyclic quenching and tempering heat treatment processes. The microstructure evolution and its effect on mechanical properties was studied during homogenization process. The results show that the original specimen with banded defects consists of ferrite and pearlite, with a banded structure level of 3. The element segregation of C, Cr, and Mo is significantly revealed by means of electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). After undergoing multiple high-temperature quenching+quenching and tempering cycles, the microstructure transforms into a homogeneous structure consisting of ferrite, carbides containing Cr, and tempered sorbite. The element segregation is improved to a certain extent. Although the diffusion of C element is evident, segregation of Cr and Mo elements still exists. The step-by-step cyclic quenching process leads to lots of phase transformation, resulting in the refinement of microstructure of the steel. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the steel are enhanced, resulting in tensile strength exceeding 1200 MPa, hardness of about 350 HBW, and impact absorbed energy at -40 ℃ of about 70 J. The refinement of microstructure contributes to the improvement in both strength and toughness of the specimen. Additionally, the large amount of precipitated carbonitride plays a beneficial role in increasing the strength of the steel. The enhanced strength and toughness characteristics fulfill the requirements of fracturing pump products and their service life.
    Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of large size 1Cr17Ni2 steel
    Xu Guifang, Liu Wentong, Zhang Bocheng, Song Ruizhi
    2023, 48(12):  7-12.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.002
    Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (4467KB) ( 51 )  
    Microstructure and mechanical properties of the large size 1Cr17Ni2 steel under two processes of conventional quenching and stress controlled quenching were analyzed by means of optical microscope (OM) , scanning electron microscope (SEM) , X-ray diffractometer(XRD), electronic universal testing machine and metal pendulum impact testing machine. The results show that the microstructure of the 1Cr17Ni2 steel treated by the two processes is composed of tempered martensite, δ ferrite, fine carbide and trace retained austenite, and the microstructure of which under the stress controlled quenching process is finer, while the content of residual austenite is relatively more. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the 1Cr17Ni2 steel treated by the two processes are excellent as the tensile strength, elongation and impact absorbed energy exceeding 1200 MPa, 13.5% and 31.2 J, respectively. The comprehensive mechanical properties of the 1Cr17Ni2 steel after stress controlled quenching and tempering at 360 ℃ is the best, the impact absorbed energy can reach 96.4 J, which is 46.2% higher than that of the conventional quenching and tempering at 360 ℃. Both tensile and impact fracture morphologies of the 1Cr17Ni2 steel show ductile-brittle fracture, and there are more dimples under the stress controlled quenching process.
    Effect of solution treatment temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of a new nickel-based superalloy
    Duan Jixuan, An Teng, Wang Chengyu, Gu Yu, Lü Xudong, Du Jinhui
    2023, 48(12):  13-20.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.003
    Abstract ( 38 )   PDF (6716KB) ( 30 )  
    Effect of solution treatment temperature (1080-1120 ℃) on the microstructure evolution, tensile properties and high temperature stress-ruptue properties of a new nickel-based superalloy were studied. The results show that with the increase of solution treatment temperature, the grain size of the tested superalloy increases, the number and size of the primary γ′ phase decrease, and the size and number of the secondary γ′ phase increase. When the solution treatment temperature exceeds 1095 ℃, the primary γ′ is almost re-dissolved and the grains grow rapidly. Moreover, the room temperature and 750 ℃ high temperature tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy decrease with the increase of solution treatment temperature, the endurance time increases and the creep plasticity decreases. The 1120 ℃+1080 ℃ double solution treatment cannot improve the room temperature and 750 ℃ high temperature tensile properties of the alloy, but can significantly improve the 750 ℃ creep properties. For the correlations among solution treatment temperature, microstructure, and mechanical properties, with the solution treatment temperature increases, the grain size of the alloy increases, the number of primary γ′ phases decreases, and the microstructure changes cause a decrease in the strength of the alloy and an increases in the endurance time.
    Effect of aging treatment on microstructure and hardness of Ni-based single crystal superalloy
    Li Ke, Wei Liming, Liang Yanxiang, Luo Aibo, Li Jicheng, Zhang Shunyong
    2023, 48(12):  21-28.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.004
    Abstract ( 36 )   PDF (4027KB) ( 36 )  
    For Ni-based single crystal superalloy aged for different time (0, 100, 500, 1000 h) with different volume fractions of γ′ phase (30% and 60%), the effect of aging treatment on microstructure and hardness of the tested alloy was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and nanoindentation experiment. The results show that with the increase of aging time, the size of γ′ phase gradually increases. The morphologies of precipitates in the specimen with the γ′ phase volume fraction of 30% and 60% are spherical and cubic shape, respectively, and the morphologies of γ′ phase do not change significantly with the aging time. At the same time, due to the high content of refractory elements in the alloy with γ′ phase volume fraction of 60%, the TCP phase is produced during aging treatment. After aging treatment, the specimens with different γ′ phase volume fractions show a significant hardening effect, and the analysis indicates that the mechanism of γ′ phase strengthening is not changed. The height of the material pile-up around the indentation increases gradually with the increase of aging time, while the pile-up effected range decreases gradually.
    Effect of straightening on bending fatigue life of induction hardened rack in automobile steering system
    Wang Shuo, Guo Xiaofei, Dong Han
    2023, 48(12):  29-35.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.005
    Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (3291KB) ( 19 )  
    Steel rack in automotive steering systems requires high bending fatigue life, and which is significant affected by the straightening process after surface induction heat treatment. Main factors affecting the bending fatigue life and fatigue fracture failure mechanisms were analyzed by comparing the effects of the straightening direction and deformation amount on the tooth root microstructure, hardness distribution, root surface residual stress and corresponding bending fatigue life of the S45SC steel rack. The surface residual stress was detected by an X-ray diffractometer, and the fatigue life was tested by the four-point bending fatigue method. The results show that when the straightening pressing position is the tooth back, the residual compressive stress on the tooth root surface increases, and vice versa. The fatigue life demonstrates the same law. The rack failure fracture shows typical fatigue fracture characteristics, and the cracks originate from the tooth root surface. The key to improving the bending fatigue life of the rack lies in the control of the direction and amount of distortion caused by heat treatment. When the rack end is controlled to bend in the direction to the tooth surface, and the pressing position is the tooth back, the bending fatigue life requirements of the rack can be met with a high probability.
    Effect of aging temperature on microstructure of GX40CrSi17 ferritic heat resistant cast steel
    Li Jie, Hu Jianwen, Lu Zitong
    2023, 48(12):  36-43.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.006
    Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (6585KB) ( 23 )  
    To investigate the effect of aging temperature on the microstructure changes of GX40CrSi17 ferrite heat resistant cast steel, JMatPro software was used to simulate the equilibrium phase diagram and precipitation phase content changes with temperature of the tested steel. The microstructure, composition of the precipitation phase, and hardness changes after aging at different temperatures were characterized and analyzed through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis and Brinell hardness tester. The results show that after aging at 850 ℃, the microstructure is composed of a large number of fine and granular M23C6 carbides dispersed in the ferrite matrix, and the hardness decreases compared to that of as-cast. When the aging temperature rises to 950 ℃, the amount of M23C6 phase in the matrix decreases significantly due to re-dissolution, the grain size grows, and the grain boundaries tend to flatten. When aged at 1050 ℃, the grain boundaries are more straight, and the matrix structure is composed of ferrite and austenite phases. The hardness continues to decrease with the increase of aging temperature.
    Effect of annealing process on grain size and texture intensity of non-oriented silicon steel
    Wang Haijun, Niu Yuhao, Qiao Jialong, Ling Haitao, Qiu Shengtao
    2023, 48(12):  44-55.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.007
    Abstract ( 42 )   PDF (3414KB) ( 34 )  
    Annealing processes of non-oriented silicon steel are described, and the researches on the effects of annealing temperature, annealing time, heating rate and annealing atmosphere on grain size and texture intensity of non-oriented silicon steel in recent twenty years are reviewed. In addition, the differences of microstructure and texture evolution of the cold-rolled sheet before and after annealing are compared and analyzed. Finally, the evolution characteristics of grains and textures during annealing of the non-oriented silicon steel are summarized.
    Effect of solution treatment on microstructure and friction and wear properties of Ti-14Al-10Nb alloy
    Qin Chun, Duan Haozhuo, Li Wei
    2023, 48(12):  56-59.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.008
    Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (5400KB) ( 28 )  
    Effect of solution treatment on the microstructure and friction and wear properties of Ti-14Al-10Nb alloy was investigated. The results show that the microstructure of the as-forged Ti-14Al-10Nb alloy is composed of α2 and β phases, with the α2 phase in a fine, curved rod-like form. The increase of solution temperature promotes the transformation of α2 phase to β phase, resulting in a decrease in the content of α2 phase and a gradual coarsening of the rod-like α2 phase morphology. The friction coefficient and wear mass loss of the as-forged Ti-14Al-10Nb alloy are smaller than those of the solution treated specimens, indicating that the wear resistance of the alloy is better in the forged state. The wear resistance of the alloy decreases as the dissolution of the α2 phase increases with the increase of solution temperature. The main forms of wear of the Ti-14Al-10Nb alloy are abrasive wear and oxidation wear.
    Effect of quenching and partitioning temperature on mechanical properties and hole expansion property of 1180 MPa Q&P steel
    Jiang Yinghua, Li Zhao, Yang Feng, Zhang Shijie
    2023, 48(12):  60-64.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.009
    Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (2434KB) ( 24 )  
    Effects of quenching temperature and partitioning temperature on mechanical properties and hole expansion property of a 1180 MPa Q&P steel were investigated. The results show that after quenching at 250-300 ℃ and partitioning at 420 ℃, the tested steel can achieve a good match of high elongation and high hole expansion ratio, where the microstructure is mainly composed of lath tempered martensite and retained austenite, the film shaped retained austenite provides high elongation, the tempered martensite provides high hole expansion ratio.
    Effect of laser power on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ni60/WC coatings
    Han Jitai
    2023, 48(12):  65-73.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.010
    Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (6808KB) ( 30 )  
    Ni60/WC composite coatings were successfully prepared on Cr12MoV substrate by laser cladding technology. The effect of laser power on the mechanical properties of the composite coatings was studied. The microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the composite coatings were characterized by SEM, Vickers hardness tester, reciprocating friction and wear tester, respectively. The wear mechanism of the composite coatings was further revealed. The results show that lower laser energy input cannot satisfy the melting requirements of WC particles, which weakens the forming quality of composite coatings. The WC particles in composite powders can be fully melted to generate Ni2W4C, M7C3, M6C type carbides under relatively higher laser power conditions. With the increase of laser power, the wear resistance of the Ni60/WC composite coatings first increases and then decreases, where the WC particles produce fine grain strengthening and induce the in-situ carbide hard phase to improve the mechanical properties of the composites. In a certain range, with the increase of laser power, the average microhardness of the composite coating increases, reaching 852.35 HV0.2 at most, and the average friction coefficient and wear rate decrease, reaching 0.117 45 and 0.5849×10-8 mm2/N at least, respectively. The furrow and flake peeling on the wear scar surface are reduced, and the wear resistance of the coating is significantly improved. However, with the increase of laser power, the mechanical properties of the composite coating are reduced due to the large internal residual thermal stress and grain coarsening.
    Effect of grading aging on mechanical properties and microstructure of TB9 titanium alloy core rod
    Liu Tong, Qi Yue, Gao Wei, Zhou Ying, Sun Hongye
    2023, 48(12):  74-78.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.011
    Abstract ( 22 )   PDF (3629KB) ( 21 )  
    Mechanical properties and microstructure of a certain type of aerospace TB9 titanium alloy core rod after stepped aging were studied. The results show that the tensile strength and hardness of the TB9 alloy decrease with the increase of aging temperature after single-stage aging at 480-530 ℃ for 6-10 h, and the grain size tends to grow when the aging temperature exceeds 530 ℃. With the increase of aging time, the tensile strength shows an increasing trend at 480 ℃, and the maximum value reaches 1698 MPa. At 530 ℃, the strength shows an obvious downward trend, decreasing by nearly 200 MPa. Short time high temperature treatment before single-stage aging can effectively eliminate or inhibit the formation of brittle phase and uniform structure. At the same time, the tensile force and fracture toughness of the TB9 titanium alloy core rod are improved, so that the comprehensive properties can meet the requirements of high properties β alloy fasteners.
    Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of a reduced activation steel
    Gao Yunfei, Cao Lei, Qiu Guoxing, Zhuo Xueyuan
    2023, 48(12):  79-86.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.012
    Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (3801KB) ( 24 )  
    A reduced activation steel produced by vacuum induction melting and electroslag remelting was used as the research object and the effects of normalizing temperature and tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel were investigated. The phase transformation temperature of the steel was measured and calculated by thermodilatometry and Thermo-Calc software. The microstructure and precipitates of the steel normalized and tempered were observed by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The hardness, tensile and impact property were tested by microhardness tester, electronic universal material testing machine and pendulum impact testing machine. The results show that the lower normalizing temperature cannot eliminate the rolling banded structure, and the higher normalizing temperature result in grain coarsening. When tempered at different temperatures, the microstructure of the steel is tempered martensite. The precipitation of Laves phase can be avoided by tempering at 755 ℃ and 790 ℃. With the increase of tempering temperature, the precipitation of M23C6 and MX in the steel coarsens, and the precipitation of carbide reduces the solution strengthening effect of carbon. The microhardness, yield strength and tensile strength decrease with the tempering temperature increasing. When the tempering temperature ranged from 690 ℃ to 755 ℃, the elongation and impact absorbed energy at room temperature increase with the tempering temperature, and the ductile to brittle transition temperature decreases with the tempering temperature. The elongation and impact absorbed energy of the steel tempered at 790 ℃ decrease, and the ductile to brittle transition temperature increases. The best comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by normalizing at 1050 ℃×30 min+tempering at 755 ℃×90 min. Fine grain size and dispersed nanometer carbides are the key factors for the excellent mechanical properties of the steel.
    Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of 27CrMnSi low alloy wear-resistant steel
    Hu Min, Liu Chusheng, Wang Shengqi
    2023, 48(12):  87-91.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.013
    Abstract ( 28 )   PDF (3336KB) ( 18 )  
    27CrMnSi low-alloy wear-resistant steel was heat-treated by secondary quenching process (940 ℃, water-cooling +870 ℃, water-cooling). The microstructure, surface hardness, impact property and wear rate were analyzed to investigate the influence law of heat treatment process on microstructure and properties of the 27CrMnSi steel, by means of SU8200 scanning electron microscopy, JBD-300B impact tester, TH300 Rockwell hardness tester and M-2000 wear tester. The results show that the average hardness of the 27CrMnSi steel reaches 52.4 HRC, the impact absorbed energy reaches 18.37 J, and the average wear rate is less than 4% after secondary quenching. The properties of the 27CrMnSi steel are higher than those of low alloy wear resistant steel on the market. In addition, the martensite structure of the 27CrMnSi steel after secondary quenching treatment is finer, and the fracture morphology is a fine dimple structure with uniform distribution.
    Effect of simulated post-weld heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Q370R steel plate for pressure vessel
    Xing Mengnan, Hu Xinming, Ouyang Xin, Wang Chu, Liu Chenxi, Wang Yong
    2023, 48(12):  92-96.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.014
    Abstract ( 26 )   PDF (2985KB) ( 17 )  
    Effect of process parameters of simulated post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on microstructure and mechanical properties of normalized Q370R steel plate was studied. The results show that the microstructure of the normalized Q370R steel plate and the Q370R steel plate treated by different PWHT processes is ferrite + pearlite. Compared with that of the normalized steel, the grain size of the steel plates treated by 580 ℃×16 h (single time) and 580 ℃×8 h (twice) processes is decreased by 1 and 1.5 grades, respectively, and the band grade is decreased by 1 grade. With the increase of PWHT times and temperature, the precipitates tend to coarsen and grow. As the number of simulated post-weld heat treatments increases and the simulated post-weld heat treatment time prolongs, the strength and the impact absorbed energy of the steel plate decrease. Compared with that of the normalized steel, the tensile strength, yield strength and impact absorbed energy of the 580 ℃×16 h treated steel are reduced by 50 MPa, 30 MPa and 40 J, respectively, and that treated by 580 ℃×8 h (twice) are reduced by about 50 MPa, 45 MPa and 45 J. The impact absorbed energy of the 580 ℃×16 h (single time) and the 580 ℃×8 h (twice) treated steel plates are scattered, which is analyzed to be caused by chemical segregation.
    Heat treatment of 30CrMnSi steel engine shell
    Fu Xing, Guo Zhaodong, Yao Zhongtao, Suo Zhongyuan, Liu Xintong, Tao Yuhang, Liu Junmin, Jiang Wei
    2023, 48(12):  97-99.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.015
    Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (1876KB) ( 20 )  
    In order to ensure the reliable quality and performance after heat treatment, research on heat treating process of an engine casing made of 30CrMnSi steel was implemented. The hardness and radial distortion of new and old heat treatment processes were compared and inspected by using the Rockwell hardness tester and a dial gauge. The results show that after normalizing at 840 ℃, quenching at 880 ℃, and tempering at medium temperature of 460-480 ℃, the product has good performance stability, less distortion, and significantly improved qualification rate, all reaching 100% qualification. The new process method can replace nitriding, not only reducing the emission of harmful gases, but also saving energy and environmental protection.
    Effect of austenitizing temperature on microstructure and properties of niobium containing hot-formed steel
    Ma Guangzong, Ma Degang, Li Jianying, Sun Lu, Wang Shuhua, Wu Guanhua
    2023, 48(12):  100-104.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.016
    Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (4315KB) ( 19 )  
    Microstructure and properties of hot formed steel containing niobium austenitized at different temperatures were studied. The results show that the tensile strength of the hot formed steel increases first and then decreases with the increase of austenitizing temperature. When austenitized at 850 ℃ for 7.5 min, the tensile strength up to 1758 MPa, the yield strength is 1205 MPa, and the elongation is about 6%, and the martensite grain is the smallest, about 2.87 μm, and the martensitic lath is about 322 nm. With the increase of austenitizing temperature, the austenitizing degree of matrix structure gradually increases, and the precipitation of (Nb, Ti) composite carbon nitride particles also gradually redissolve, and the austenite grains are coarsened. When austenitized at 930 ℃ for 5.0 min, the martensite grain increases to 4.936 μm, and the martensitic lath increases to 929.6 nm.
    Homogenization annealing and solution treatment of 7B50 aluminum alloy
    Liu Cuiling, Chen Siyu, Sun Hongmei
    2023, 48(12):  105-109.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.017
    Abstract ( 35 )   PDF (2205KB) ( 16 )  
    7B50 aluminum alloy containing microalloying element Zr was prepared in the laboratory and subjected to homogenization annealing and solution treatment. The low melting point phase, microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture morphology of the alloy were analyzed using metallographic microscopy, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, electronic universal testing machine, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the non-equilibrium solidification phase Mg(Al, Cu, Zn)2 in the cast alloy can be eliminated by two-stage homogenization annealing at 420 ℃ for 3 h and 475 ℃ for 21 h, meantime the spherical Al3Zr particles precipitated; thus, obtaining the best effect. The single stage solution treatment process is 480 ℃ insulation for 30 min to achieve the best comprehensive mechanical properties, with tensile strength of 574 MPa, yield strength of 535 MPa, and elongation of 13.3%.
    Effect of CQ-ART process on microstructure and properties of medium manganese steel used for self-made mobile umbrella type crossing frame truss
    Liu Min, Xu Biyu, Gan Lihong, Liu Fan, Liu Yinchen, Zhang Yang, Feng Bo, Liu Chunquan
    2023, 48(12):  110-115.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.018
    Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (2516KB) ( 15 )  
    A new cyclic quenching and austenite reverse phase transformation (CQ-ART) heat treatment process was adopted to obtain better mechanical properties by adjusting the retained austenite content and stability of the medium manganese steel used for the self-made mobile umbrella type crossing frame truss. The results show that a large amount of retained austenite is obtained in the Fe-0.25C-3.98Mn-1.22Al-0.20Si-0.19Mo-0.03Nb (wt%) medium manganese steel by CQ-ART process. After two cycles of quenching and ART heat treatment, the alloy obtains the best comprehensive properties, with ultimate tensile strength of 838 MPa, total elongation of 90.8%, product of strength and plasticity of 76.1 GPa·%, and the volume fraction of austenite is about 62%. The content and stability of retained austenite increase when the rapid heating cycle quenching is increased from one to two cycles. The medium-manganese steel used for the self-made mobile umbrella type crossing frame truss treated by the CQ-ART process has excellent comprehensive mechanical properties, which can significantly improve the safety of the transmission line crossing construction process.
    Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-1023 titanium alloy
    Jiang Xiaojuan, Yang Gang, Zhan Zhengyang, Cheng Xiaowei, Dong Mengyao, Deng Guoyong, Sun Tao, Sun Chaoyuan
    2023, 48(12):  116-122.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.019
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2859KB) ( 12 )  
    Effects of solution treatment, aging and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-1023 alloy were studied by using heat treatment furnace, mechanical performance testing machine and X-ray diffractometer. The results show that when the solution treatment temperature is slightly higher than transition temperature, the primary αP phase disappears with β grain growing slowly, and the strength and hardness of the alloy increase. The alloy is water quenched after solution treatment, due to the fast cooling rate, a small amount of α phase and the uniform thick β phase form the basket-weave structure, and the strength and hardness are improved. When the aging time is 1 h, the secondary αS formed during the aging process produces the second phase strengthening effect, which shows significant dispersion strengthening effect and increases the strength and hardness of the alloy.
    Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and properties of 6016 aluminum alloy
    Bai Xingliang
    2023, 48(12):  123-128.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.020
    Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (4563KB) ( 20 )  
    Natural aging effect of 6016 aluminum during parking process under room temperature was investigated. The mechanical properties under different heat treatments were tested, the microstructure was characterized by using OM, SEM and TEM. The results indicate that the 1.6 mm thickess plate material under pre-aging at 80 ℃ and 100 ℃ has better aging stability compared to the plates un-pre-aged and pre-aged at 60 ℃. The pre-β″ phase precipitates after pre-aging treatment and becomes nucleation of β″ phase, which is semi-coherent with the matrix, and the PFZ zone is formed near the grain boundaries. With the increase of pre-aging temperature, the strength of artificial aging treatment is increased and the yield strength has an increment of 40-80 MPa. The best comprehensive properties are achieved under pre-aging at 80 ℃ for 4 h and are stable with 150 days, which has the highest strength increment.
    Hot isostatic pressing preparation and heat treatment of 30Cr13Cu4 powder stainless steel
    Liu Wenbin, Lai Zebiao, Lin Yizhen, Chen Jiaxin, Wu Wanqiu, Huang Xinkai
    2023, 48(12):  129-134.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.021
    Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (4555KB) ( 14 )  
    Cu-bearing 30Cr13Cu4 stainless steel was prepared by hot isostatic pressing, and the effects of heat treatment parameters, including aging temperature and holding time, on the microstructure and properties of the material were studied. The results show that the microstructure is uniform with a relative density of 98.5%. With the increase of aging temperature, the amount of carbide precipitated on the matrix increases, and the carbides grow up gradually, accompanied by nano-ε-Cu phase precipitates, and the hardness of the material increases first and then decreases. Aged at low temperature and long holding time, the precipitated carbide has a greater secondary hardening effect. Aged at 520 ℃, the hardness of the alloy increases with the extension of holding time, and the hardness of the alloy held for 14 h is 52.1 HRC.
    Effect of delayed quenching on microstructure and properties of TC4 titanium alloy for aerospace fasteners
    Wu Chen, Ma Baofei, Zhao Gengcen, Li Minna, Ren Junshuai, Yu Kui
    2023, 48(12):  135-139.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.022
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (3919KB) ( 20 )  
    TC4 titanium alloy wire was subjected to delayed solution treatment and delayed solution+aging treatment for different time, and the microstructure, tensile and shear properties of the specimen were tested. The effect of delayed quenching on the microstructure and properties of the TC4 titanium alloy wires was explored. The results show that with the increase of delayed quenching time, the content of primary α phase decreases gradually, β transformation phase increases gradually and grain size increases gradually after solution and solution aging treatment. Compared with solution treatment, there is a higher content of strengthening phase and a smaller grain size in the microstructure after solution aging treatment. Greater strength and toughness, less plasticity. With the increase of delayed quenching time, the strength and toughness values decrease, while the plasticity values increase. Under the experimental conditions, the effect of 10 s-delayed quenching on strength reduction is basically equivalent to the effect of aging treatment on strength increase.
    Effect of microstructure heredity and pre-heat treatment on mechanical properties of quenched and tempered ZG25CrNiMo steel
    Bao Yulong, Yu Xianghua, Yin Zhuojun
    2023, 48(12):  140-143.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.023
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2295KB) ( 24 )  
    Effect of different pre-treatments on microstructure and properties of ZG25CrNiMo steel was studied before and after quenching and tempering. The results show that the ZG25CrNiMo cast steel has coarse-grained structure heredity characteristics. A simple 890 ℃×2 h+normalizing pre-treatment has limited ability to improve the microstructure heredity. Through 950 ℃×2 h high temperature normalizing+890 ℃×2 h normalizing pre-treatment, the structural heredity characteristics can be eliminated and the austenite grains can be refined. On this double normalizing basis, another 670 ℃×6 h annealing treatment is carried out to refine the grains and also eliminate the residual internal stress. After further treatment of quenching and tempering, the tensile strength of the ZG25CrNiMo steel reaches more than 800 MPa, and the low temperature impact absorbed energy at -45 ℃ reaches more than 50 J.
    Effect of quenching temperature on mechanical properties of ø16 mm 35Si2Cr steel bar
    Zhao Haifeng, Yu Haoyong, Tan Zhenyu
    2023, 48(12):  144-147.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.024
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2808KB) ( 20 )  
    Microstructure, Vickers hardness of 35Si2Cr hot-rolled steel quenched at 930, 950, 970, 990 and 1010 ℃ and tensile properties, impact properties tempered at 460 ℃ were investigated. The results show that there is decreasing ferrite content in the core area of all the quenched microstructure when the temperature increases from 930 ℃ to 1010 ℃, and the quenched Vickers hardness is fluctuated from depth of 6 mm to the core due to the non-uniformity of the microstructure. The 1010 ℃ quenched Vickers hardness from edge to 1/2 radius is the highest, which shows the higher quenching temperature is good for austenite homogenization. There is no change of tensile properties quenched at 930-1010 ℃ and tempered at 460 ℃, and the best impact properties can be obtained when quenched at 1010 ℃ and tempered at 460 ℃. When the quenching temperature is 1010 ℃, 35Si2Cr steel has better comprehensive mechanical properties.
    Effect of parking time and aging delay time on properties of 6005A aluminum alloy bending profile
    Huang Huiyi, Liao Bin, Le Yongkang, Tang Peng, Li Feilong
    2023, 48(12):  148-152.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.025
    Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (2695KB) ( 26 )  
    Effect of parking time after solution treatment on the bending properties of 6005A aluminum alloy profiles and effect of aging delay time on the properties of alloy profiles were systematically investigated by means of tensile, hardness and conductivity tests. The results show that the strength of alloy rises rapidly within 48 h after solid solution, and the tensile and yield strengths rise from 140.5 MPa and 37 MPa to 207 MPa and 96 MPa, respectively, the hardness rises from 43.6 HV to 66 HV. Through the cupping value and the change of the work hardening exponent n value, it is pointed out that the optimal parking time after solid solution should not exceed 24 h. When aging delay time is within 3 h, the properties of the alloy changes sigificantly, the tensile strength and yield strength decrease from 293.3 MPa and 277 MPa to 262 MPa and 245 MPa, and the elongation decreases from 15% to 12.6%, the best aging delay time should be less than 3 h. After the delay time exceeds 10 d, the tensile and yield strengths drop to 256 MPa and 231 MPa, respectively, in a “cliff-like” manner.
    Effect of shot peening process on surface properties and wear behavior of 4Cr5Mo2V steel
    Niu Tong, Wang Xinyu, Wu Xiaochun
    2023, 48(12):  153-159.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.026
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (4304KB) ( 20 )  
    Effects of different shot peening processes on the surface morphologies and microstructure, mechanical properties, and friction and wear behavior of 4Cr5Mo2V hot work die steel were investigated by using white light interferometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and residual stress meter. The results show that after carried out 0.4 mmA + 0.2 mmA + 0.1 mmA compound shot peening treatment, the specimen has the strongest strengthening effect, under dislocation strengthening and fine grain strengthening, the surface hardness of the specimen increases from 520 HV0.1 to 601 HV0.1, the peak of the residual stress is -1141 MPa, higher hardness and residual stress could improve the material resistance to adhesion and friction and wear, so that the wear resistance of the material is greatly improved, and the wear rate is reduced by 60.7%. Therefore, this process shall be the best shot peening process.
    Effect of high-temperature ultrasonic deep rolling on wear resistance of Ni/WC coating
    He Yang, Lin Ling, Yuan Changwang, Zhong Taosheng, Guo Wenyuan
    2023, 48(12):  160-165.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.027
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2376KB) ( 13 )  
    High temperature ultrasonic deep rolling (HT+UDR) was applied to plasma sprayed Ni/WC coating to improve its wear resistance. The wear resistance of the Ni/WC coating after HT+UDR was examined and analyzed by using scanning electron microscope with energy spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, dimensional hardness tester and friction wear tester. The results show that the lamellar structure of the Ni/WC coating after HT+UDR is eliminated, the internal porosity and cracks are reduced and the coating is more compact. After HT+UDR, some new hard phases such as Cr7C3, Cr2B3 and CrB are generated on the surface layer of the coating, the half-height width of the X-ray diffraction peak is broadened, grain refinement occurs on the surface layer of the coating, and the hardness of the coating surface is increased by 185.9 HV0.2. The wear mechanism of the Ni/WC coating is mainly abrasive wear with fatigue wear, with less spalling and cracking on the worn surface. HT+UDR can effectively improve the wear resistance of the Ni/WC coating, the wear loss is 7.1 mg, which is 51.3% lower compared to that of the unrolled coating.
    MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
    Microstructure and texture evolution of cold-rolled deformed Fe-1.5%Si non-oriented silicon steel
    Yang Jie, Hou Diwen, Wang Jiale, Fang Feng, Zhang Yuanxiang, Wang Yang, Zhang Xiaoming
    2023, 48(12):  166-174.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.028
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (9085KB) ( 9 )  
    The influence of cold rolling reduction rate on microstructure and texture of Fe-1.5%Si non-oriented silicon steel at each process stage was analyzed. The results show that the initial structure of the hot-rolled plate is fine equiaxed crystal. The average grain size is 18 μm in the surface layer and 36 μm in the middle layer. After cold rolling at reduction rates of 25%-64%, the plate forms strong α and λ texture and weak α* texture. After cold rolling at reduction rates of 64%-73%, the plate forms strong γ and sub-strong α texture. The cold-rolled Cube texture mainly rotates along four paths: ① rotating along the λ texture to {100}<021> and then along the α* texture line; ② rotating along the λ texture to {100}<011> then along the α texture line; ③ rotating along {013}<031>, {110}<110> and nearby orientations; ④ rotating along the η texture line. In the early stage of annealing, Cube and Goss-oriented grains are preferentially nucleated, but with the extension of annealing time, their proportions are always small, the Cube recrystallization ratio is 0.55%-1.94%, and the Goss recrystallization ratio is 0.54%-2.85%, and the proportion of γ-oriented grains increases rapidly. After annealing, complete recrystallization occurs, and the recrystallization texture is mainly composed of strong γ texture, α texture and weak η texture. Unfavorable textures account for the main component.
    Properties of supersonic sprayed composite WC-based cermet coatings
    Tu Fuquan, Su Zihao, Wan Jiao
    2023, 48(12):  175-179.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.029
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2110KB) ( 7 )  
    WC-12Co (WC)/NiCr dual coatings and conventional plasma sprayed Al2O3-13TiO2 (AT13) coatings were prepared on 316L stainless steel substrate for piston rods by using plasma spraying technology and supersonic flame spraying technology. The properties of coatings were studied and compared by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, micro Vickers hardness tester, friction and wear testing machine, electrochemical workstation and other equipment. The results show that the interface of each coating has clear boundaries and good bonding. The microhardness of WC coating of 1363 HV0.3 is 1.8 times that of the AT13 coating. Under 60 min reciprocating friction and wear test conditions, the volume wear rate of the AT13 coating is 4.42 times that of the WC coating, and the wear mechanism of the WC coating is mainly abrasive wear. In the 3.5%NaCl solution, the corrosion potentials of both WC coating and AT13 coating are lower than that of the 316L stainless steel substrate, which avoids the preferential corrosion of the substrate by the galvanic coupling effect, and the corrosion current density of the AT13 coating is the largest, followed by 316L stainless steel substrate, while the corrosion current density of WC coating is the smallest, only 0.57 times that of the substrate.
    Bake hardening characteristics of high aluminum dual phase steel HC420/780DP
    Wang Shuhua, Ai Bingquan, Tian Xiugang, Lu Zhiqiang, Wang Hailong, Wang Yuhui
    2023, 48(12):  180-183.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.030
    Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (2913KB) ( 7 )  
    Effect of prestrain on the bake hardening value and microstructure of high aluminum dual phase steel HC420/780DP was studied. After prestraining the high aluminum dual phase steel HC420/780DP at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 12% respectively, and then bake hardened at 170 ℃ for 20 min, the bake hardening value was measured, and the specimens with different prestrains were detected and analyzed by means of OM, SEM, XRD and other analysis methods. The results indicate that the bake hardening value is directly related to the density of dislocations. As the prestrain increases, the dislocation density continuously increases, the martensite content increases, and the bake hardening value also increases. When the prestrain is ≤2%, the dislocation density is small, and the bake hardening value is less than 30 MPa. When the prestrain reaches 8%, the dislocation density is the largest, about 0.208 m-2, and the bake hardening value reaches 38 MPa. When the prestrain is ≥8%, the dislocation density remains unchanged, but the bake hardening value continues to increase, reaching a maximum of 72 MPa. The XRD results show that no retained austenite is found before and after baking under different prestrains.
    Grain size control of medium-thickness 304L stainless steel plates
    Sui Songyan, Tian Yu, Qu Shuai, Pang Zongxu, Huang Jian
    2023, 48(12):  184-188.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.031
    Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (2731KB) ( 13 )  
    In order to solve the problem of mischcrystal in 304L stainless steel with thickness of over 40 mm, the key parameters of rolling through laboratory experiments were studied, including rolling temperature in recrystallization zone and non-recrystallization zone, rolling time and cooling rate after rolling. The results show that the deformation at 1050 ℃ and 950 ℃ has no significant effect on the recrystallization ratio. Static recrystallization can be completed after a short time of warming. The effects of temperature and time on grain growth are compared under the same deformation conditions, it is found that temperature is a sensitive factor for grain growth. The higher the temperature is, the process of recrystallization and grain growth almost happens at the same time. The lower the temperature, the higher the proportion of recrystallization can be maintained, and the abnormal grain growth can be inhibited, which can effectively improve the problem of mischcrystal. The results of industrial application show that, the abnormal grain size is accompanied by relatively high starting rolling temperature. If the rolling temperature is controlled below 1050 ℃, the grain size can be refined whether by directly rolling or by temperature-controlled rolling.
    Austenite grain growth and continuous cooling phase transformation of EH40 ship plate steel
    Li Wenmo, Liu Fangfang, Wang Jiaji, Jiang Jianbo, Jiang Kun
    2023, 48(12):  189-193.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.032
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (4102KB) ( 10 )  
    Gleeble-3800 testing machine was used to conduct thermal simulation tests on EH40 ship plate steel. The coarsening behavior of austenite grain and the microstructure evolution at different heating temperatures were observed by metallographic microscope (OM). The hardness change of EH40 steel at different cooling rates was analyzed using Vickers hardness tester. The results show that the coarsening temperature of austenite is above 1200 ℃. The microstructure of austenite at 950 ℃ and undeformation is mainly composed of ferrite and pearlite in the cooling rate range of 0.5-1 ℃/s without deformation after holding at 950 ℃. When the cooling rate reaches 2 ℃/s, granular bainite and lath bainite are observed in the microstructure. With the increase of cooling rate, the lath bainite proportion gradually increases and is homogenized, the morphology of lath gradually refines, and the matrix hardness increases from 157 HV5 to 214 HV5. After 60% deformation, the grain of EH40 steel is finer than that of the undeformed steel, the ferritic phase transformation zone is enlarged, and the matrix hardness is increased from 164 HV5 to 234 HV5.
    Microstructure evolution and properties of GH4169 alloy after high temperature and stress aging treatment
    Cui Wenming, Wang Jixing, Zou Jiajia, Zhang Xiaochen, Zhang Kai, Liang Xibing, Zhang Rui, Zang Haoliang
    2023, 48(12):  194-200.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.033
    Abstract ( 14 )   PDF (5428KB) ( 19 )  
    Taking GH4169 superalloy as the research object, the microstructure evolution, residual strength and fatigue life and the relevant mechanisms were studied through tensile and fatigue test after high-temperature aging and high-temperature coupled stress aging treatment under different conditions. The results show that the structure of the GH4169 alloy is stable when aged at 550 ℃, and after high temperature aging at 650 ℃, the γ″ phase begins to coarsen and the γ″→δ transformation occurs under the action of stress, the strength and lifetime are reduced. After high temperature aging at 700 ℃ the γ″→δ phase transformation is obvious, and the coupled stress further promotes the phase transformation. The fatigue life of the GH4169 alloy is greatly reduced by cracking of the surface under the persistent environment of high temperature coupled stress.
    Microstructure and properties of Ti-modified low temperature plasma nitrided stainless steel used in dental implant surgical instruments
    Gu Jingyi, Li Runtao, He Ze, Hu Jing
    2023, 48(12):  201-205.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.034
    Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (2396KB) ( 10 )  
    Ti-modified low temperature plasma nitriding (LPNTi) was conducted for 304 austenitic stainless steel used for dental implant surgical instruments, and the goal was to effectively enhance the hardness and wear resistance without sacrifice of its corrosion resistance. Optical microscope, SEM, EDS, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), microhardness tester and friction and wear tester were used to investigate the microstructure and properties. The results show that the plasma nitriding efficiency can be remarkably improved by Ti-modification, which is more than 4 times of that by traditional low temperature plasma nitriding (LPN), with the thickness of nitrided layer increasing from 11.37 μm by LPN to 48.32 μm by LPNTi under the same nitriding condition of 420 ℃×4 h. Meanwhile, the surface hardness is significantly enhanced from 978 HV0.025 to 1350 HV0.025 by Ti-modification. The wear resistance is dramatically enhanced as well, with the mass wear rate decreasing from 20.9 μg/(N·m) to 7.4 μg/(N·m), decreasing about 2/3 by Ti-modification.
    Preparation and properties of Ti/Ta composite coating on pure copper surface
    Lü Xuming, Gao Zeyu, Wei Dongbo, Hu Yujin, Yang Kai, Zhang Pingze
    2023, 48(12):  206-212.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.035
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (4038KB) ( 10 )  
    By using double glow plasma surface alloying technology, Ti/Ta composite coating and Ta coating were prepared on the surface of pure copper, where for the preparation of the former a titanium transition layer was added. The microstructure of the Ti/Ta composite coating was analyzed, and the influence of the composite coating on the thermal shock behavior and molten salt corrosion behavior of the copper substrate was studied. The results show that the microstructure of the submicron structured Ti/Ta composite coating is dense and uniform, with a thickness of approximately 14.5 μm, and the surface is α-Ta phase. After 20 thermal shocks at 700 ℃, compared with the single Ta layer, the surface of Ti/Ta composite coating remains relatively flat, dense, and without any micro-cracks, where the gradient distribution of the intermediate Ti layer alleviates the interface stress and significantly improves the thermal shock resistance of the coating. After 10 h of hot corrosion in a mixed salt of NaCl and KCl at 500 ℃, the mass gain of pure copper is 12.89 mg/cm2, while that of the Ti/Ta composite coating is only 2.8 mg/cm2. The dense Ta2O5 oxide film formed on the surface of the Ti/Ta composite coating effectively prevents the penetration of molten salt corrosion, and improves the corrosion resistance of pure copper.
    Microstructure and properties of hard-phase reinforced wear-resistantlayer on 60Si2Mn steel for soil-engaging component deposited by laser cladding
    Chen Denghua, Yu Honghai, Liu Haiding, He Qubo, Zhang Jieke, Huang Haitang, Gong Yuhao
    2023, 48(12):  213-221.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.036
    Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (6799KB) ( 11 )  
    High wear-resistant powder materials with 3 different chemical compositions (I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ) were designed and used to reinforce the surface of the 60Si2Mn ploughshare steel by laser cladding, then combined with quenching and tempering treatment to control the morphology and distribution characteristics of hard phases to improve the wear resistance of the working components. The results show that the as-quenched deposited metal mainly contains precipitated phases including VC carbide, Fe-rich and Cr-rich networked carbides, and Fe2O3 particles. After tempering at 500 ℃, the microstructure is dominated of tempered martensite and carbide, and the XRD phase analysis shows that the VC, MoC, Cr3C2 and other carbides exist in the deposited metal. The deposited metal with composition Ⅲ has the highest hardness value and the wear rate of tempered specimens is higher than that of the quenched, while the wear rate of deposited metal with composition Ⅱ is the lowest. The wear mechanisms for different deposited metals include abrasive wear and oxidation wear.
    Gradient microstructure and properties of surface induction hardened compressor crankshafts made of 45 steel and 40Cr steel
    Nie Defu
    2023, 48(12):  222-229.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.037
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (4676KB) ( 26 )  
    Gradient microstructure and mechanical properties of the surface induction hardened crankpins of actual industrial reciprocating compressor crankshafts made of the 45 steel and 40Cr steel were investigated. The gradient microstructure of 45 steel and 40Cr steel was examined by using optical microscope (OM) as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the hardness, the tensile strength and the fatigue property were tested by using Vickers hardness tester, universal testing machine, instrumented indentation system and resonant testing machine. The results show that the microstructure of the 45 steel crankpin gradually transits from the surface martensite to the inner troostite+granular ferrite, sorbite+small strip ferrite and pearlite+intergranular massive ferrite; consequently, the surface hardness keeps a high level, and with depth increasing the hardness has sharp decrease before continuously slow decrease. The microstructure of the 40Cr steel crankpin gradually transits from the surface martensite to the inner tempered sorbite and sorbite+intergranular massive ferrite; it has a thicker surface layer with high hardness, and subsequently sudden drop occurs followed by slow increase and then slow decrease in the hardness curve with the increase of distance from surface. The tensile strength of crankpin materials progressively decreases with depth increasing, and has nearly linear relationship with Vickers hardness. Combined with stress analysis of crankshaft, the subsurface regions of crankpins affected by induction hardening heat are considered to be at high risk of fatigue failure, and the fatigue lives can be easily obtained based on the intersection of the fatigue life surface and the applied stress plane.
    MATERIALS RESEARCH
    Effect of Er on microstructure and properties of multi-directional forged 7050 aluminum alloy
    Wang Huaxing, Rong Li, Huang Hui, Wei Wu, Wang Zezhong, Zhou Li, Wang Meng
    2023, 48(12):  230-235.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.038
    Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (4872KB) ( 14 )  
    7050 aluminum alloy and Er-containing 7050 aluminum alloy (7E50) were selected as the research object. After solution and aging treatment of free forgings of both aluminum alloys, the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied by means of SEM, TEM and room temperature tensile test. The results show that after 470 ℃×1 h solution treatment, the recrystallized fraction in the 7050 aluminum alloy is 69.45%, while that in the 7E50 alloy is only 62.08%, which shows that the addition of Er can inhibit the recrystallization behavior of the alloy. After the optimal single-stage peak aging process, that is 120 ℃×24 h, the strength, hardness and elongation of the 7E50 alloy are higher than that of the 7050 alloy, it can be seen that the Er addition can effectively improve the mechanical properties of the alloy. The precipitated phases of the 7E50 aluminum alloy are mainly η′ phase, GP region and Al3(Er ,Zr) particles. The grain boundary precipitated phases of the two alloys show a continuous chain distribution, but the size of grain boundary precipitated phases in the 7E50 alloy is significantly finer than that in the 7050 alloy, which may be one of the main reasons why the elongation of the 7E50 alloy is higher than that of the 7050 alloy.
    Research progress of NiTi-based bearing alloys
    Guan Lei, Liu Jiaxing, Sun Shibo, Tong Yunxiang
    2023, 48(12):  236-243.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.039
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1325KB) ( 19 )  
    NiTi-based alloys with higher Ni content have become an important bearing alloy because of their high hardness, low elastic modulus, good corrosion resistance and nonmagnetic, etc. In present work, recent progress of NiTi-based bearing alloys is comprehensively overviewed, mainly including microstructure, mechanical properties, frictional wear properties and corrosion resistance. The emphasis is laid on the effect of heat treatment and alloying element on mechanical properties of alloys. Some important issues on NiTi-based bearing alloys are discussed.
    Effect of Mo content on microstructure and corrosion resistance of 9Cr18Mo steel
    Zhou Jian, Pian Liping, Fang Feng, Chi Hongxiao, Ma Dangshen
    2023, 48(12):  244-249.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.040
    Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (3657KB) ( 12 )  
    Microstructure and corrosion resistance of the 9Cr18Mo steel with four different Mo contents were studied by microstructure analysis, electrochemical test and neutral salt spray test, then the influence mechanism of Mo on the corrosion resistance was discussed. The results show that the 9Cr18Mo steel with different Mo contents has a large number of chromium-rich carbides, and the size, quantity and hardness of carbides increase with the increase of Mo content. When the Mo content is less than 0.5%, the corrosion potential increases with the increase of Mo content, but decreases when the Mo content reaches 0.7%. After 120 h neutral salt spray test, the corrosion rate of 0.5Mo tested steel is low. The decrease of pitting corrosion resistance of the specimen containing 0.7% Mo is related to the formation of chromium-rich carbides and the formation of chromium-poor zone near the interface between the carbide and matrix.
    Effect of bionic hexagonal texture on tribological properties of 40Cr steel
    Yang Yang, Long Weimin, Cheng Zhan, Wu Lifeng, Shi Lubing, Wu Yuanke
    2023, 48(12):  250-254.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.041
    Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (2490KB) ( 11 )  
    Bionic hexagonal textures with different area densities were processed on the surface of 40Cr steel by laser processing technology. Friction and wear tests were carried out on high temperature tribometer under oil lubrication conditions. The influence in variation of rotational speed and load on the tribological properties of bionic hexagonal texture with different area density was studied. The wear morphology of the specimen surface was analyzed by means of metallurgical microscope. The results show that the friction coefficient of surface textured specimens is lower than that of un-textured specimens, decreases first and then increases with the increase of texture density. The friction coefficient of the specimen with texture density of 10% is 9.8% lower than that of the untextured surface. Wear resistance is improved. The friction coefficient of low density textured specimens increases first and then decreases with the increase of load, and the friction coefficient of high density decreases with the increase of load. The friction coefficient of the specimen decreases with the increase of speed. Under the condition of oil lubrication, the bionic hexagonal texture can effectively improve the friction and wear properties of the friction pair surface, and the reasonable texture area density can maximize the friction reduction effect of the bionic texture.
    Effect of C content on microstructure and mechanical properties of HT9 steel
    Xie Pu, Zhao Jiqing, Yan Tingting
    2023, 48(12):  255-259.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.042
    Abstract ( 16 )   PDF (2962KB) ( 8 )  
    Effect of carbon content change on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HT9 steel was studied by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and tensile testing machines. The results show that the change of C content has a significant impact on the content of carbides and properties. With the increase of C content, the Nieq increases, which inhibits the precipitation of δ-Fe; the C also promotes the precipitation of M23C6 carbides, hinders the migration of martensitic laths, and leads to lath refinement, precipitation strengthening and interface strengthening, which increases the strength and hardness of the steel and reduces the plasticity and toughness of the material. When the C content is in the range of 0.17%-0.20%, this change is the most significant, which is mainly related to the precipitation of solute atoms in the steel and the decline of solution strengthening effect.
    Effect of Cr on microstructure evolution and corrosion resistance of pipeline steel
    Peng Haoping, Su Wei, Zhao Yonggang, Li Zhiwei, Su Xuping, Wu Changjun
    2023, 48(12):  260-268.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.043
    Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (5703KB) ( 7 )  
    Three specimens of X80 steel with different Cr contents (mass fraction) of 1%, 2% and 3% were prepared by means of magnetron arc furnace, and the effects of Cr on microstructure and corrosion resistance were tested by means of SEM, DSC, electrochemical test, EDS and Raman characterization. The results show that the ferrite grain size decreases with the increase of Cr content, and the number of pearlite increases, and the change from the X80 steel to 2Cr steel is obvious. The value of impedance modulus |Z|0.01Hz at low frequency 0.01 Hz increases with the increase of Cr content and decreases with the prolorgate of soaking time. When soaked in 3.5%NaCl solution for 1 day, the |Z|0.01Hzvalue of the tested 3Cr steel is about 1315 Ω·cm2, and that of the X80 steel is about 910 Ω·cm2. When soaked for 14 days, the |Z|0.01Hzvalue of the tested 3Cr steel is about 800 Ω·cm2, and that of the X80 steel is about 470 Ω·cm2. The corrosive medium and the corrosive reaction breaks down the steel surface and pitting pits can be seen clearly. Corrosion products are mainly composed of β-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, α-FeOOH, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3, etc. Elevated Cr content, more and more stable phases of Fe3O4 and α-FeOOH appear on the steel surface, helping to enhance the stability of the corrosion product film.
    NUMERICAL SIMULATION
    Numerical simulation on floating behavior of copper strip in air cushion furnace
    Zhao Peng, Li Jiadong, Li Yong
    2023, 48(12):  269-276.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.044
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (5005KB) ( 10 )  
    Based on the experimental data and geometric model for the experimental air cushion furnace from the State Key Laboratory of Rolling Technology and Continuous Rolling Automation of Northeastern University, the Ansys Fluent software was used to construct the air cushion furnace floating simulation platform, and the effects of air cushion furnace inlet air volume, strip floating height, fluid temperature and nozzle structure on the copper strip floating behavior were analyzed. The results show that the floating height of the strip is conducive to the stable floating of the strip in the range of H=80-180mm. The higher the temperature, the lower the pressure of the strip, and the increase in the inlet air volume weakens the pressure lifting effect. Under high temperature conditions, the possible fan power fluctuations have little effect on the strip pressure, which is conducive to stable floating of the strip. The optimized inclination angle of the slit nozzle from 30° to 60° is conducive to improving the uniformity of strip pressure distribution, but will reduce the pressure on the strip.
    Simulation and experiment analysis of bainite quenching of bearing ring
    Zhou Ruihu, Zeng Zhipeng
    2023, 48(12):  277-280.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.045
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1818KB) ( 9 )  
    Effect of bainite isothermal quenching process on the distorsion and fracture toughness of GCr15 steel bearing rings was analyzed by using finite element simulation and experimental methods, where the numerical simulation of the bainite quenching process for bearing rings was carried out by using Deform-3D software. Taking cylindrical roller bearing NJ308 as the research object, the maximum distorsion after simulated heat treatment is 0.08 mm. Compared with the experimental results, the simulation error is 14%. Based on the bainite quenching process experiment, the distorsion of the bearing diameter is measured to be 0.07 mm, which is much smaller and more uniform than that after the conventional martensite quenching, and is beneficial for subsequent grinding processing. The fracture test results show that the fracture strength of the bearing rings after conventional martensite quenching and tempering process is 113.3 kN, while that after the bainite quenching treatment is significantly improved to 152.7 kN.
    Finite element analysis and practice of local induction heating on threads of ultra-high strength bolts
    Sun Xiaojun, Yang Chenhui, He Liandong, Wang Xin, Zhang Yifan
    2023, 48(12):  281-284.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.046
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (2088KB) ( 16 )  
    Local induction tempering for ultra-high strength bolt with fast heating speed is high efficiency, green and environmental protection, and is gradually replacing the traditional lead bath tempering. However, the single coil design was time-consuming and labor-intensive in the process of adjusting, so a finite element model on local tempering heating of threads was built by COMSOL software. The correctness of the analysis model was verified by comparing with the experiment results. By adjusting and optimizing the coil design and process, the non-uniformity of axial and radial temperature during induction heating is greatly reduced, and ultimately the tempering hardness of the threaded part of the ultra-high strength bolt can meet the requirement of temper standard.
    TEST AND ANALYSIS
    Failure analysis of shield machine main thrust bearing ring caused by soft belt defects
    Zhong Yunfei, Li Tianfu, Qu Shen, Zhang Zhefeng, Huang Hongjun
    2023, 48(12):  285-291.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.047
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (6431KB) ( 12 )  
    After conducting testing on a certain type of shield machine, it was discovered that the spindle bearing had failed. Upon disassembly, large spalling pits and metal fragments were found in the part of the bearing raceway. The bearing ring, made of 42CrMo alloy steel, had undergone induction quenching to harden its surface. Analysis of the failure was carried out through macroscopic inspection, composition analysis, microstructure observation, and hardness analysis. The results sholo that the high temperature generated by contact fatigue in the soft belt area of the shield bearing ring results in the formation of a WEL (white etching layer) on the surface. The peeling of this layer further leads to severe abrasive wear on the raceway surface. As the wear particles transfer with the rolling body, they cause dense indentation pits in the hardened area, with some of the particles becoming embedded in the soft belt area. The increase of raceway surface roughness significantly impedes the bearing's normal operation, and finally leading to the failure.
    Adjustment method of hardening layer starting point for induction hardening
    Chen Chenjie, Li Jianhua
    2023, 48(12):  292-294.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.048
    Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (1504KB) ( 15 )  
    A new method for adjusting the starting point of the hardening layer produced by induction hardening was developed, which utilizes the eddy current generated by the copper material in the alternating magnetic field to form a reverse magnetic field to achieve the adjustment of the hardening layer starting point. The new method has a large adjustment range, and while adjusting the hardening layer starting point, it does not affect other heat treatment assessment indicators such as the depth of the hardening layer. It can realize online adjustment of the hardening layer starting point, convenient operation, and quick adjustment with high practical value in production.
    Analysis of crack defects on axle surface
    Zheng Yi, Xue Zhenfeng, Zhao Xinglong, Li Shulin, Xu Junsheng, Pan jiayu
    2023, 48(12):  295-298.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.049
    Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (4348KB) ( 23 )  
    In response to the surface magnetic detection cracks on railway freight car axles during maintenance, the chemical composition, mechanical properties, fracture morphology, microstructure, and microhardness of the axles were analyzed using spark discharge atomic emission spectrometer, electronic universal testing machine, scanning electron microscope, metallographic microscope, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The causes and mechanisms of surface cracks on the axles were studied. The results indicate that the nature of train axle cracks is fatigue cracking formed by martensitic transformation at the transition fillet, which belongs to the cracks caused by local burns during the grinding process of the axle surface due to improper grinding technology.
    Material selection method of centrifuge gear based on ensuring gear center hardness
    Zeng Weichuan, Peng Shichao, Mao Yuyi
    2023, 48(12):  299-303.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.050
    Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (2556KB) ( 9 )  
    Through the practical application of centrifuge gear selection, a method for measuring the cooling rate of the gear core is found, providing a basis for selecting suitable hardenability materials and reliably ensuring the hardness of the centrifuge gear core. Finally, the actual experimental data and practical application verify that the application of G20CrNi2MoH steel to X and R series gears can ensure the hardness of the actual core, while K series gears must use 17CrNiMo6 steel to ensure the hardness of the actual core.