淬火冷速对PH13压铸模具钢热疲劳性能的影响

doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2026.01.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 采用Uddeholm自约束热疲劳试验方法分别对经过油淬、气淬和慢冷3种不同淬火工艺的PH13钢进行热疲劳试验,对比分析了热疲劳试验后试样的表面形貌、截面形貌、显微组织、显微硬度梯度和疲劳损伤因子,研究淬火冷速对材料热疲劳性能的影响。结果表明,油淬试样较气淬和慢冷试样的裂纹宽度较窄,深度较浅,软化程度较小。这是由于淬火冷速较快,高温下碳和合金元素难以从奥氏体中向外扩散,室温下得到的马氏体中合金元素含量较高,固溶强化效果好,材料的强度和硬度较高,且在高温下马氏体回复和碳化物粗化速度较慢,热疲劳性能较好。慢冷试样在淬火时会沿晶析出富Cr碳化物,这种碳化物形状不规则且在高温下容易发生粗化,成为裂纹扩展的通道,导致热疲劳性能的恶化。

关键词: PH13压铸模具钢, 淬火冷速, 热疲劳裂纹, 显微硬度, 晶界碳化物

Abstract: Thermal fatigue tests were conducted on PH13 steel by using Uddeholm self-restraint method to evaluate the effect of quenching rate (oil quenching, gas quenching and slow cooling) on thermal fatigue properties, and the specimens after thermal fatigue tests were comparatively analyzed in terms of surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, microstructure, microhardness gradient and fatigue damage factor. The results indicate that the oil-quenched specimens exhibite narrower crack widths, shallower crack depths and a smaller extent of material softening compared with the gas-quenched and slowly cooled specimens. The higher quenching rate in oil quenching restricts the outward diffusion of carbon and alloying elements from austenite at high temperatures, resulting in martensite with higher alloy content at room temperature. This enhances solid solution strengthening, leading to improved material strength and hardness. Moreover, the oil-quenched microstructure demonstrates slower martensite recovery and carbide coarsening during high-temperature exposure, thereby contributing to superior thermal fatigue resistance. In contrast, slow cooling promotes intergranular precipitation of Cr-rich carbides during quenching. These irregularly shaped carbides tend to be coarsened at high temperatures, providing pathways for crack propagation and consequently degrading the thermal fatigue properties.

Key words: PH13 die casting die steel, quenching rate, thermal fatigue crack, microhardness, grain boundary carbides

中图分类号:

TG156.32

王逸峰, 吴博雅, 吴晓春. 淬火冷速对PH13压铸模具钢热疲劳性能的影响[J]. 金属热处理, 2026, 51(1): 87-95.

Wang Yifeng, Wu Boya, Wu Xiaochun. Effect of quenching rate on thermal fatigue properties of PH13 die casting die steel[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2026, 51(1): 87-95.

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