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  Heat treatment for toughening technology of cold working die steel SKD11 Yuan Zhizhong, Wang Mengfei, Zhang Bocheng, Duan Xubin, Li Biaomin, Yang Haifeng, Luo Rui, Cheng Xiaonong Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (9): 1-7.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.09.001 Abstract （142）      PDF （5140KB）（176）       Knowledge map    SKD11 steel plate after hot rolling and spheroidizing annealing was used. Two kinds of complex phase heat treatment processes, A-Q-A (Austempering-Quenching-Austempering) and Q-T-A (Quenching-Tempering-Austempering), as well asconventional Q-T(Quenching-Tempering) heat treatment process were carried out.The effect of heat treatment process on the microstructure, hardness and impact absorbed energy was studied. The results show that the microstructure of the specimens after A-Q-A and Q-T-A is the combination of lower bainite (LB) and martensite (M). The content of retained austenite is 13.2% and 18.6% for A-Q-A and Q-T-A, respectively. After A-Q-A, Q-T-A and conventional heat treatment Q-T, the hardness of the specimens is 58.5, 58.6 and 60.5 HRC and the impact absorbed energy is 31.3, 27.6 and 15 J, respectively. The excellent combination of strength and toughness of the SKD11 steel plate is realized by the duplex-phase heat treatments, which does a beneficial exploration in improving the toughness of the cold working die steel. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 42CrMo steel picks Yuan Zhizhong, Wang Mengfei, Duan Xubin, Yang Haifeng, Li Biaomin, Luo Rui, Zhao Xiaoqiang, Cheng Xiaonong Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (6): 1-8.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.06.001 Abstract （129）      PDF （7080KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Taking foreign similar products as references, many kinds of duplex-phase and induction quenching treatments were applied to 42CrMo steel picks. Hardness, impact absorbed energy, microstructure and fracture morphology of the 42CrMo steel picks after different heat treatments were investigated. The effects of heat treatments on microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed. The results show that after duplex-phase heat treatment process, the microstructure includes lower bainite/martensite (LB/M) and a small amount of retained austenite (RA), grain size is smaller and LB has better comprehensive mechanical properties, and impact absorbed energy is higher than that after quenching and low temperature tempering (Q-T) process. Local induction quenching process not only has the highest impact absorbed energy and the hardness of pick head, but also realizes the axial hardness distribution of hard head and soft handle of the pick, which is beneficial to extending the service life. The fracture morphology of the specimen treated by Q-T process shows cleavage brittle fracture morphology, the specimen treated by multiphase shows quasi cleavage fracture morphology, and the impact specimen treated by local induction quenching shows ductile fracture morphology, which is resulted from the excellent mechanical properties of the quenched and tempered (Q&T) microstructure. The tested data show that the Q&T plus local induction quenching is more suitable for picks used in hard substrate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research progress on preparation technology and coating of nano-powder by plasma spraying Chen Baisen, Meng Junsheng, Wang You, Shi Xiaoping Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (7): 223-236.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.07.039 Abstract （28）      PDF （3299KB）（138）       Knowledge map    In modern industry, plasma spraying technology has become an important method to improve the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the surface of mechanical parts. As a spraying material, the nano-powder can effectively improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance and other aspects of plasma spraying coating, which has research value in the application of surface protection of parts and components. It is of great significance for the energy conservation and environmental protection, and has become a research hot spot in the field of surface modification at home and abroad. Based on this, on the basis of a large number of literature, the preparation method of nano powder from three aspects as solid phase method, liquid phase method and gas phase method is introduced, research on the regranulation technology of nano-powder at home and abroad is summarized, the preparation methods of nano-powder feed, including spray drying, mechanical grinding and liquid phase precursor synthesis are described, and the preparation method of liquid phase precursor synthesis method is focused on. From the selection of nano-powder for plasma spraying to the preparation of coating, the application results of nano-coating in wear resistance, corrosion resistance, thermal barrier and self-lubrication are reviewed in detail, furthermore, the influence of plasma spraying parameters (spraying power, spraying distance, moving speed of spray gun, spraying gas parameters) on quality of the nano-coating is inductively analyzed. Finally, the problems and shortcomings in the preparation of plasma sprayed nano-powder feed are discussed, and the future research direction of plasma sprayed nano-coating is prospected. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Austenite grain distribution law in 34CrNi3MoV steel Zheng Bing, Xu Dong, Wang Yiqun, Wang Xuexi, Zhao Hongyang, Ju Dongying Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (7): 1-7.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.07.001 Abstract （102）      PDF （2733KB）（118）       Knowledge map    Effects of different holding temperature and holding time on austenite grain growth of 34CrNi3MoV steel were studied. The effects of holding temperature and holding time on average grain size, major axis and minor axis were analyzed by means of metallography. The results show that in the Gaussian distribution equation, the standard deviation and expectation increase with the increase of holding temperature and holding time. The size of the major axis and minor axis of grains is closely related to the average size, and the ratio has a simple linear relationship. During the grain growth, the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis basically remains unchanged. The distribution probability expressions of average grain size, major axis size and minor axis size are obtained by regression. At the same time,a new way of thinking and possible explanation for the heredity in materials science in terms of mathematical laws is provided. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of a novel Co-Ni-based superalloy Fu Zhiqiang, He Guoai, Wu Yunjie, He Cunxiao Heat Treatment of Metals    2024, 49 (2): 1-7.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.02.001 Abstract （70）      PDF （7060KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation testing machine was used to perform hot compression tests on a novel Co-Ni-based superalloy to study its hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution at deformation temperature of 950-1100 ℃, strain rate of 0.01-10 s-1 and true strain of 0.693. The results show that the flow stress of the alloy decreases with the increase of deformation temperature or the decrease of strain rate. The average grain size of the alloy increases with the increase of deformation temperature and the dynamic recrystallization grains can be refined by reducing the deformation temperature and increasing the strain rate. The EBSD and TEM analysis results indicate that the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) is the main dynamic recrystallization (DRX) mechanism and the twin nucleation is the auxiliary nucleation mechanism during the hot deformation of the alloy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Microstructure and properties of WTaVNbMo refractory high-entropy alloy layer on W surface Huang Tianyang, Zheng Jiasheng, Tian Linhai, Lin Naiming, Wang Zhenxia, Qin Lin, Wu Yucheng Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (5): 6-11.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.05.002 Abstract （83）      PDF （2249KB）（104）       Knowledge map    WTaVNbMo refractory high-entropy alloy layers were prepared on the surface of pure tungsten by double-glow plasma surface metallurgy technology with powder metallurgy W18Ta18V20Nb18Mo26 alloy as source target. The temperature of workpiece was 1200 ℃, and the voltage difference between the source and cathode was 300 V, 400 V and 500 V, respectively. The microstructure and phase composition of the alloy layers were examined by scanning electron microscope with attached energy dispersive spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer. The hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloy layers were tested by microhardness tester and electrochemical workstation. The irradiation resistance of the alloy layer was simulated by SRIM software. The results show that the WTaVNbMo high-entropy alloy layers with BCC structure are formed on the surface of pure tungsten under different voltage differences. When the voltage difference is 400 V, the thickness of alloy layer is more than 100 μm. The alloy layer prepared under voltage difference of 500 V has uniform surface, compact structure and the highest hardness, which can reach 1635 HV0.05. The corrosion resistance is good, and the self-corrosion current density decreases by nearly two orders of magnitude compared with that of the W substrate. The irradiation simulation results show that compared with pure tungsten, the damage range of the high-entropy alloy layer is more concentrated, the projected range is shorter, the electronic stopping power is greater, and the ionization loss rate is faster. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  “Thought” of metallic materials Yuan Zhizhong, Dai Qixun, Wang Andong, Ju Yulin, Cao Fuyang, Luo Rui Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (5): 1-5.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.05.001 Abstract （131）      PDF （1390KB）（102）       Knowledge map    “Thought” of metallic materials is refined from the systematic and comprehensive perspectives. The contradictory law of the evolution process of metallic materials properties is revealed. The complexity of the role of alloy elements is summarized. The quantitative and qualitative change law of microstructure evolution of metallic materials is expounded, and the multidirectional variability of heat treatment processes is illustrated as well. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Carbide evolution law of high chromium and high vanadium powder metallurgy tool steel M390 during austenitizing Deng Jinqiang, Zhang Qinyi, Chen Jun, Wu Dong, Liu Wei, Zhou Hongfeng Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (11): 1-7.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.11.001 Abstract （93）      PDF （4216KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Evolution of carbides in the M390 steel during different austenitizing processes was studied using analysis methods such as SEM-EDS, TEM, and Image-Pro Plus. The results show that under the austenitizing conditions of heating at 1075-1150 ℃ and holding for 15-120 min, the volume fraction and average size of carbides in the M390 steel show a decreasing trend as the quenching temperature increases. At the same quenching temperature, with the prolongation of holding time, the amount of carbides decreases as a whole, the average size of carbides decreases first and then increases, while the amount of small carbides and hardness increase first and then decrease. The types of undissolved carbides in high temperature oil quenched steel are mainly M7C3 and M8C7. During austenitizing, the change of carbides in the M390 steel is mainly the dissolution, growth and dissolution of M7C3. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effects of Nb content and deformation on reheated austenite grain size and distribution of 800 MPa high strength steel for hydropower station before quenching Zou Yang, Zhang Suyuan, Zhang Xuefeng, Zhang Yuefei, Wang Kun, Liu Guoquan Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (4): 1-9.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.04.001 Abstract （88）      PDF （670KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Effects of Nb content and hot deformation amount on austenite grain size and distribution of 800 MPa grade high strength tested steel for hydropower station during reheating for quenching were studied by using a Gleeble 3500 testing machine to carry out the combined simulation test of two-stage deformation at 1000 ℃+820 ℃ and subsequent reheating at 900 ℃ for different time, and the particle size and distribution of deformation-induced Nb(C,N) precipitates were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the grain size of as-deformed austenite (D) has an important heredity effect on the grain size of as-reheated austenite (D′), and there is a functional relationship between the two and the reheated holding time (t) at 900 ℃: D′=(1.0057D-6.9785)×(t/300)0.215, which can be used to predict the grain size (D′) for the 800 MPa high-strength steel with high accuracy. The increase of Nb content reduces both the grain sizes D and D′, and also improves grain size distributions and reduces the probability of individual coarse grains. Under the common industrial quenching heating system, adding 0.03%Nb and 0.05%Nb have very similar grain refining effect, then considering its economy, adding 0.03%Nb is preferred. The TEM observation results show that in the as-deformed specimens, a large number of Nb(C,N) particles with the size of 10-30 nm are observed, the number and density of particles increase with the increase of Nb content, but the particle size does not increase significantly. Based on thermodynamic calculation and comprehensive consideration of particle size and formation time, it is inferred that these particles are deformation-inducted Nb(C,N) precipitates formed at 1000 ℃. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Influence of quenching process on microstructure and wear resistance of GCr4Mo4V steel Cui Yi, Cui Jihong, Wang Yan, Zhang Yunfei, Yu Feng, Zhao Yingli, Cao Wenquan Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (9): 23-29.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.09.004 Abstract （89）      PDF （7786KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Annealed GCr4Mo4V steel prepared by the process of “VIM+ESR” was oil quenched at 1090, 1120 and 1150 ℃ for 30, 60 and 120 min respectively, and then tempered three times continuously. The dry wear test was carried out on UMT TriboLab wear tester, and the evolution of its microstructure, surface hardness, wear scratch morphology and wear rate were analyzed, and the influence of quenching process on the microstructure and dry wear characteristics of the GCr4Mo4V steel were investigated. The results show that the quenching temperature of 1150 ℃ is the critical temperature for the rapid growth of grains. The increase of quenching temperature promotes the dissolution of large particle carbides. The prolongation of holding time is more conducive to the dispersion distribution of carbides after tempering. The quenching temperature has a greater effect on the refinement of large particle carbides than the holding time. The refinement and dispersion of grain structure and carbides have a positive effect on the improvement of wear resistance of the GCr4Mo4V steel. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of microstructure homogenization on mechanical properties of Cr-Ni-Mo steel Shi Changxin, Gu Guochao, Cui Shugang, Xu Wenhua, Xiao Guiyong, Lü Yupeng Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (12): 1-6.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.12.001 Abstract （86）      PDF （5916KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Homogenization treatment of AISI 4330 steel with banding defects was carried out through a step-by-step cyclic quenching and tempering heat treatment processes. The microstructure evolution and its effect on mechanical properties was studied during homogenization process. The results show that the original specimen with banded defects consists of ferrite and pearlite, with a banded structure level of 3. The element segregation of C, Cr, and Mo is significantly revealed by means of electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). After undergoing multiple high-temperature quenching+quenching and tempering cycles, the microstructure transforms into a homogeneous structure consisting of ferrite, carbides containing Cr, and tempered sorbite. The element segregation is improved to a certain extent. Although the diffusion of C element is evident, segregation of Cr and Mo elements still exists. The step-by-step cyclic quenching process leads to lots of phase transformation, resulting in the refinement of microstructure of the steel. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the steel are enhanced, resulting in tensile strength exceeding 1200 MPa, hardness of about 350 HBW, and impact absorbed energy at -40 ℃ of about 70 J. The refinement of microstructure contributes to the improvement in both strength and toughness of the specimen. Additionally, the large amount of precipitated carbonitride plays a beneficial role in increasing the strength of the steel. The enhanced strength and toughness characteristics fulfill the requirements of fracturing pump products and their service life. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Research progress on toughening modification of laser clad coating Wei Xinlong, Fu Erguang, Dai Fanchang, Ban Aolin, Wu Duoli, Zhang Chao Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (6): 237-248.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.06.041 Abstract （25）      PDF （4666KB）（87）       Knowledge map    Laser cladding improves the performance of metal surfaces and achieves surface strengthening. However, it is often found that due to the reduced toughness of the coating, cracks and defects appear on the surface of the coating. The reasons for cracks in laser clad coatings due to reduced toughness are summarized, including internal stress caused by temperature gradient difference, stress concentration in laser clad layers, and small pores in clad layers. At the same time, factors affecting the toughness of laser clad layers are summarized, including the selection of clad materials, the setting of laser cladding process parameters, and the heat treatment methods of cladding materials. On this basis, the progress in improving the crack defects of laser clad coatings in recent years is emphasized, and methods to enhance the toughness of laser clad coatings are studied and searched for, including adding composite ceramic reinforcement phase and rare earth element powder to the cladding powder to change its composition, adding a transition layer between the substrate and the cladding layer, changing laser cladding process parameters such as the laser power, scanning rate, and spot diameter, preheating the substrate before cladding and heat treating the coating after cladding, external ultrasonic vibration and electromagnetic field, as well as coupling of ultrasonic vibration and electromagnetic field and other energy field assistance. Aiming at the shortcomings of various methods for enhancing the toughness of laser clad coatings, the research prospects of future methods for toughening and modifying laser clad coatings are explored. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Carbide evolution of GCr15SiMo bearing steel during spheroidizing annealing process Wang Bohui, Xu Taixu, Lu Ming, He Zhijun Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (4): 60-66.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.04.010 Abstract （39）      PDF （586KB）（86）       Knowledge map    Influence of austenitizing temperature and holding time of isothermal spheroidizing annealing on carbide of GCr15SiMo bearing steel was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope and other detection and analysis methods and JMatPro thermodynamic software. The results show that with the increase of austenitizing temperature and holding time, the carbides in the GCr15SiMo bearing steel tend to be homogenized and refined, which is beneficial to the spheroidization effect of carbides in the annealing process of the GCr15SiMo bearing steel. Under the isothermal spheroidizing annealing process with austenitizing temperature of 800 ℃ and holding time of 30 min, the GCr15SiMo bearing steel produces a large amount of carbides, small size, high dispersion distribution, the most uniform and compact structure, low hardness and the best spheroidizing effect. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of chemical composition on heat treatment properties of X32 steel for bimetal saw blade Zeng Bin, Wang Jing, Liang Liang, Chen Gang, Su Bin Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (5): 83-89.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.05.014 Abstract （31）      PDF （4321KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Two X32 steels with different contents of C and N were prepared in order to develop novel X32 steel material with lower alloy content and more economical production cost. The feasibility was discussed through the characterization of properties and microstructure. The static CCT curves of two X32 steels were presented, and microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot rolled intermediate billet of these two steels after heat treatment were studied. The heat treatment experimental result was verified by industrial trial production of the two X32 steel cold strips. The research shows that X32 steel can achieve obvious microstructure refinement, strength and hardness improvement by increasing C and N content by adopting V-C and V-N microalloying technology. Therefore, without affecting quality, it is feasible to reduce the content of Ni, Cr and Mo alloy but increasing the content of C and N by using V-C and V-N microalloying technology, which points out the direction for developing new X32 steel with more economic production cost. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 17-4PH stainless steel Wang Xuming, He Wenwu, Wei Haidong, Chang Xin Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (6): 85-88.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.06.015 Abstract （44）      PDF （2062KB）（77）       Knowledge map    In order to study structure and properties of 17-4PH stainless steel, a heat treatment process plan was designed and conducted, and then the effects of intermediate adjustment treatment, solution treatment and aging temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the 17-4PH steel were studied by means of thermal dilatometric test, metallographic observation, and tests of mechanical properties, hardness and impact property. The results show that the intermediate adjustment treatment can refine the martensite structure, the carbide particles are precipitated in the martensite and austenite, and there is a relatively stable reverse transformation austenite formation. When the solution treatment temperature increases, the increase of strength is not obvious. After the intermediate adjustment treatment, when the aging temperature increases, the content of the reverse transformed austenite structure increases, the impact property increases, but the strength decreases significantly. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of heat treatment on hardness and wear resistance of laser clad Co-based alloy coating Yang Dongjie, Bai Qiaofeng, Ouyang Changyao, Wang Rui, Wei Runze Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (7): 271-276.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.07.045 Abstract （22）      PDF （3881KB）（76）       Knowledge map    Co-based alloy coating was prepared on the surface of ductile iron by laser cladding technology. Microstructure of the specimens under different heat treatment processes was analyzed and the effects of different processes on the hardness and wear resistance of the cobalt-based alloy coating were discussed. Compared with untreated specimens, the hardness of heat-treated specimens is improved. The hardness changes of the specimens treated at 950 ℃ for 1 h and 2 h, respectively, are similar, which are 51.35 HRC and 51.15 HRC, and that subsequent aged at 825 ℃ are 52.50 HRC and 52.08 HRC. The wear amount of the untreated specimen is the highest and the wear resistance is the worst. The wear loss of the specimen treated by 950 ℃×1 h + 825 ℃×24 h reduces by 5.3%, and that of the treated by 950 ℃×3 h+825 ℃×24 h reduces by 12.8%, which shows better wear resistance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Fracture failure analysis of 35CrMo steel high strength bolt Wang Pu, Tong Hui Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (5): 294-297.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.05.048 Abstract （47）      PDF （2597KB）（74）       Knowledge map    35CrMo steel high strength bolt of a heavy tractor broke after being tightened and placed for 2 days. The fractured bolt and the unused bolt of the same batch were studied by fracture analysis, metallographic examination, composition analysis, hardness analysis and mechanical testing. The results show that the harmful hydrogen introduced during the pickling and electroplating process is not effectively and timely removed, which results in the hydrogen accumulating towards the stress concentrated root of the bolt under the preload for tightening, so that the hydrogen induced delayed fracture phenomenon for the bolt occurs. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of Ni content on microstructure and mechanical properties of 40CrNi3MoV steel strengthened by NiAl-Cu Liang Enpu, Xu Le, Yang Yong, Wang Maoqiu Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (8): 1-7.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.08.001 Abstract （72）      PDF （5523KB）（74）       Knowledge map    For 40CrNi3MoV steel strengthened by NiAl-Cu precipitation, the effect of different Ni content on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tested steel tempered at 450-650 ℃ was studied. The microstructure of the tested steel was characterized by OM, the precipitates in the the tested steel were characterized by means of TEM and EDS, and the mechanical properties of the tested steel were measured by room temperature tensile and low temperature impact tests. The results show that the Ni content has no obvious effect on the microstructure of the tested steel. The increase of Ni content (3.0%-4.0%) promotes the precipitation of Cu-rich phase and NiAl phase in the tested steel, and increases the amount of nano particles. With the increase of Ni content, the tensile strength and yield strength of the tested steel tempered at 500 ℃ are increased by 200 MPa and 100 MPa, respectively. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Comparison of austenite grain growth behavior of 20CrMnTi steel and 20 steel Xue Li, Zhang Liwen, Ding Haochen, Zhang Chi, Song Kangjie Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (10): 45-49.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.10.006 Abstract （38）      PDF （4229KB）（74）       Knowledge map    Austenite grain growth behavior of 20CrMnTi steel and 20 steel under different holding temperatures (1000-1200 ℃) and different holding time (0-300 s) was studied. Based on the experimental results, a Sellars model describing austenite grain growth behavior was established. By comparing the average relative error (AARE) and correlation coefficient (R) between the calculated values of austenite grain growth model and the experimental values, the reliability of the model was verified. The experiment and simulation results show that the grain size of the steel increases obviously with the increase of heating temperature, and increases rapidly in the first 60 s with the increase of holding time, and then slows down. However, under the same test conditions, the austenite grain size of the 20CrMnTi steel is obviously smaller than that of the 20 steel and no abnormal grain growth occurs,indicating that the element addition of Ti has obvious effect on refining the microstructure. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of low Ti content (0-0.15%) on wear resistance of high strength steel Lu Chunjie, Shao Chunjuan, Zhen Fan, Qu Jinbo Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (5): 104-109.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.05.017 Abstract （38）      PDF （2873KB）（73）       Knowledge map    Effect of low Ti content in range of 0-0.15% on wear resistance of a high strength tested steel was investigated by using a universal wear testing machine, and the microstructure, precipitate and wear morphology were analyzed. The results show that the precipitates in the tested steels are mainly TiC, with polygonal, oval, rectangular and circular shapes. The sizes of the precipitates can be classified into three levels based on their cross sectional area: large-sized (>100 μm2), micron-sized (1-100 μm2), and submicron-sized (<1 μm2). The micron-sized precipitates play a major role in improving wear resistance, while the effect of submicron-sized precipitates is less, and the large-sized precipitates have a negative effect. With the increase of Ti content, both the amounts of submicron- and micron-sized precipitates increase linearly, while the large-sized precipitates begin to appear when the Ti content is ≥0.10%. Accordingly, the highest wear resistance is obtained when the Ti content is 0.10%. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics