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  Effect of annealing process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 3003 aluminum alloy plate Li Xiao, Cheng Xiaonong, Xu Guifang, Yang Chengkang, Chen Leli Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (9): 90-94.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.09.015 Abstract （331）      PDF （605KB）（26）       Knowledge map    Effect of annealing process on microstructure and mechanical properties of the 3003 aluminum alloy plate was studied. The results show that the annealed second phase particles is mainly composed of Al6(Mn, Fe), Al6Mn and α-Al(Fe, Mn)Si phases formed at defects such as dislocations or subgrain boundaries. With the annealing temperature and holding time increasing, the second phase particles coarsen and grow, and a small number of dispersed second phases appear. When the annealing temperature is 450 ℃, the precipitated phase starts to re-dissolve into the matrix. With the annealing temperature increasing, the hardness is stabilized at about 31.0 HV0.5, and the tensile strength tends to decrease as a whole, while the elongation increases. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of quenching temperature on microstructure and properties of M390 powder metallurgical stainless steel for chopping knives and scissors Liu Wenbin, Qiao Longyang, Pan Xinyu, Cheng Ge, Li Aina, Pei Xinjun Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (4): 189-195.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.04.032 Abstract （297）      PDF （570KB）（22）       Knowledge map    Through calculation of equilibrium phases at different temperatures and carrying out vacuum quenching+low temperature tempering for powder metallurgical stainless steel M390, the effect of quenching temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel was analyzed. The results show that with the increase of quenching temperature, the size of carbides in the tempered M390 steel increases, the number of carbide particles per unit area decreases but the area fraction increases, thus the distribution uniformity of carbide decreases. Meanwhile, the hardness increases first and then decreases slightly, reaching the maximum value of 60.2 HRC after quenching at 1130 ℃ and decreases to 58.5 HRC after tempering. However, the flexural strength is little affected by quenching temperature, which is at the level of 4000 MPa. In order to obtain good properties, the quenching temperature should be controlled below 1200 ℃. In conclusion, vacuum gas quenching at 1130-1180 ℃ and tempering at 200 ℃ is the optimum heat treatment process for the M390 steel used for chopping knives and scissors. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  New material for aerospace bearing:60NiTi alloy Zhang Jiahua, Xiao Fei, Wang Jianzhong, Xu Zhongjun, Jin Xuejun Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (6): 1-7.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.001 Abstract （279）      PDF （899KB）（268）       Knowledge map    Among the large family of NiTi alloys, the NiTi alloy with equal atomic ratio have shape memory effect and super elasticity, Compared with NiTi alloy, thermoelastic martensitic transformation does not occur in the 60NiTi alloy, and it has no shape memory effect and super elasticity. However it has outstanding potential in hardness, corrosion resistance and elastic properties, showing a good application prospect in the aerospace field. The solid solution treated 60NiTi alloy also has structural stability, super corrosion resistance and excellent wear resistance, and has become a candidate new material for aerospace bearings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless bearing steel Wang Lingqi, He Yanlin, Pan Le Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (6): 8-13.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.002 Abstract （277）      PDF （616KB）（227）       Knowledge map    Microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless bearing steel Cronidur 30 with different tempering temperature were studied and analyzed by universal tensile testing machine, impact testing machine, OM, X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM, etc. The results show that the microstructure is tempered martensite, carbonitride and retained austenite after tempering at 150-500 ℃. When the tempering temperature exceeds 550 ℃, the microstructure is tempered sorbite, and the precipitated phase gradually gathers and grows. With the tempering temperature increase, the hardness and the tensile strength first decrease, then increase, finally decrease, the impact toughness behaves on the contrary. Secondary hardening occurs because of M23C6 and Cr2N increase when tempered at 450 ℃, and the tensile strength is 2133 MPa. After tempered at 400 ℃, the precipitated phases (σ phases) which riched in Cr-Fe-Mo is observed slightly, reduces impact toughness observably. When tempered at 500 ℃, the impact toughness slightly decreases because of the translation of retained austenite. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and properties of Inconel 617 alloy tube Liu Yujun, Cheng Xiaonong, Luo Rui, Gao Pei Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (2): 173-177.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.02.031 Abstract （271）      PDF （639KB）（30）       Knowledge map    In order to explore the heat treatment process of the alloy tube, the effects of different heat treatment parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 617 alloy tube were studied by means of optical microscope (OM), hardness and tensile test at room temperature, etc. The alloy was characterized by optical microscope, and the variation rule of the grain size of the alloy was analyzed when the temperature between 1120-1200 ℃ and the holding time was 10 and 30 min, respectively, and the dynamic model of grain size growth was established. The results show that the average grain size increases with the increase of temperature, and there are more twins in the grain. At the same time, with the continuous increase of heat treatment temperature, the change trend of hardness and tensile strength of the alloy is the same, both of them show a decreasing trend with the increase of temperature. The elongation of the alloy increases with the increase of temperature. The apparent activation energy of grain boundary migration of the Inconel 617 alloy is 651.82 kJ/mol. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of discharge temperature during annealing at 750 ℃ on microstructure and properties of QT450-10 nodular cast iron Gao Yongwang, Kong Xiangling, Li Pengming, Liu Yue Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (1): 261-265.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.01.043 Abstract （241）      PDF （645KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Effect of the discharge temperature on pearlite content, cementite morphology, tensile strength and hardness of the QT450-10 nodular cast iron annealed at 750 ℃ was studied by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the microstructure of the nodular cast iron samples are composed of ferrite, globular graphite, graphite particles and a small amount of cementite under different discharge temperatures of the annealing process. Due to the decomposition of pearlite, the residue of cementite and the formation of graphite particles, the tensile strength and Brinell hardness of the samples decrease about 7% and 13% respectively when the discharge temperature is 750 ℃. Due to the decomposition of residual cementite and the growth of graphite particles when the discharge temperature decreases, the tensile strength and hardness decrease. When the discharge temperature is 100 ℃, the tensile strength and Brinell hardness decrease about 10% and 20%, respectively. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Heat treatment process of 75Cr1 steel for saw blade substrate and its microstructure and mechanical properties Dong Shaoming, Hu Jianwen, Liang Ziyu Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (9): 193-198.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.09.035 Abstract （222）      PDF （610KB）（20）       Knowledge map    Microstructure, grain sizes, carbide distribution and mechanical properties of the 75Cr1 steel for saw blade substrate under different heat treatment processes were studied. The results show that microstructures are fine acicular martensite and a less amount of residual austenite after quenching between 780 ℃ and 840 ℃, and the hardness increases slightly with the increase of quenching temperature around the level of 63 HRC. The grain size decreases from grade 10 to grade 8, and unevenness of grains is greater with the increase of temperature. With the increase of tempering temperature, the microstructure changes from tempered troostite to tempered sorbite, and the amounts of granular carbides increase. Quenched at 800 ℃ and tempered at 540 ℃, the microstructure of tempered sorbite with a dispersed distribution of fine carbides is obtained. The hardness of the 75Cr1 steel is 36.5 HRC, with good matching of strength and toughness. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Tempering brittleness of 2Cr13 stainless steel Zhu Hongwei, Wang Ping, Hu Wanting, Chen Xin, Huang Yanjun, Yu Ruixing, Zhuang Yuanhong, Chen Yongshuan Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (12): 234-236.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.12.039 Abstract （215）      PDF （642KB）（28）       Knowledge map    Changes of hardness, impact property and fracture morphology evolution of the 2Cr13 stainless steel after tempering near the tempering brittle temperature interval were studied. The results show that hardness of the 2Cr13 stainless steel after tempering at 490-550 ℃ is 40-50 HRC, the corresponding impact property shows a downward trend; After tempering at 570-620 ℃, the hardness of the 2Cr13 stainless steel is 30-38 HRC, the impact property gradually increases. Through the observation of the impact fracture morphology, after tempering at 490-560 ℃, the fracture mode first changes from cleavage fracture to intergranular fracture. With the increase of the tempering temperature, it eventually changes to a fracture mode along the grain+cleavage. Microscopically, the size of the fracture surface along the grain gradually decreases, and the number of cleavage gradually increases, which is manifested by the improvement of the impact performance on the macroscopic level. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of vacuum low pressure carburizing on microstructure and properties of austenitic stainless steels 304 and 316L Cheng Ru, Tian Yong, Song Chaowei, Wang Haojie Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (9): 1-5.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.09.001 Abstract （214）      PDF （660KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Surface strengthening of 304 and 316L austenitic stainless steels was processed by using vacuum low pressure carburizing process. The microstructure, phase composition and microhardness distribution of the carburized layers were analyzed by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Thermo-Calc software, X-ray diffractometer and microhardness tester. The offsets of different diffraction peaks in the carburized layers and the changes in lattice parameters before and after carburizing of the tested steels were calculated. Combined with the effects of molybdenum on carburizing process of the austenitic stainless steels, the differences in the carburized layer thickness, surface hardness and mechanism of carbides precipitation after carburizing of 304 and 316L austenitic stainless steels were compared and studied. The results show that the carburized layers produced by 750 ℃ carburizing for 2.6 h are composed of expanded austenite and Cr23C6 phases, the austenite lattice constant has increased by 1.33% and 1.14% respectively for 304 and 316L stainless steels, and Cr23C6 is mainly precipitated in strip shape on the expanded austenite grain boundaries. The surface hardness of the 304 and 316L stainless steels after carburizing at 750 ℃ for 2.6 h is over 2 times higher than that of substrate. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of solution treatment on microstructure of carbide in K447A superalloy Wu Wenjin, Li Xianghui, Li Xuechen, Chen Jingyang, Tang Xin Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (6): 89-92.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.06.016 Abstract （183）      PDF （2512KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Microstructure and precipitation behavior of carbides in K447A alloy under different solution treatments were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results show that primary carbides in the as-cast K447A alloy are of the MC type, in the form of blocks, skeletons and Chinese characters, and are distributed between dendrites and grain boundaries. After heat treatment, primary MC carbides are broken, and a layer of γ' phase coating layer is formed on the surface. During heat treatment, the composition of the primary MC carbides changes, and the primary carbides such as TaC, TiC, and WC are decomposed, and HfC is least affected. After heat treatment, a large number of fine and dispersed granular secondary MC carbides dominated by HfC precipitate in the interdendritic and residual eutectic regions near the primary MC carbides. When solution-treated at 1185 ℃ for 2 h and aged at 870 ℃ for 20 h, the amount of secondary MC precipitation is the largest. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Comparative analysis of high performance bearing steels Li Xiong, Lin Faju, Du Simin, Wu Chengchuan Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (6): 14-20.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.003 Abstract （178）      PDF （614KB）（119）       Knowledge map    Several kinds of high performance bearing steels were compared and analyzed. The results show that the strengths of carburized bearing steels are lower than that of through-hardened bearing steels, but the ductility and toughness are higher. Only the hardness of CSS-42L and M62 steels reaches 68 HRC among the current steel grades, which means that it has greater dynamic load-bearing capacity. High chromium Cr-Mo-V(Co) bearing steels have better hot hardness than other steels, and hot hardness of CSS-42L and M62 steels at 500 ℃ exceed 58 HRC. The hardness profiles of P675, Ferrium C61 and M50NiL are better than CSS-42L. Although CSS-42L steel has a high surface hardness, there is “concave area” in the hardness profile of the carburized layer, which limits its use under high load conditions. Corrosion resistance is the most important index affecting bearing life. The corrosion resistances of Cronidur 30 and Pyrowear 675 are better than that of CSS-42L and M50NiL. In addition to CSS-42L steel, the volume percent of retained austenite in bearing steels used above 350 ℃ is less than 10%. There are too many retained austenite in CSS-42L steel, which will affect the dimensional stability due to the transformation of austenite under the action of temperature and load when used at high temperature, so CSS-42L steel is limited applicating in aerospace field. Now only M62 and ASP2060 steels can be used as bearing above 500 ℃. Carburizing/nitriding can generate residual compressive stress on the steel surface, which is beneficial to improve the fatigue life. The subsurface compression stresses of P675 and M50NiL steels are greater than that of CSS-42L steel. Although the fatigue life of the CSS-42L steel tested by the ball-on-rod tester is approximately twice that of the Pyrowear 675 steel, the fatigue life of the Pyrowear 675 steel is higher than that of the CSS-42L steel when the lubrication is insufficient in the high-load accelerated test of the bearings. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  High temperature rheological behavior and constitutive model of 316LN austenitic stainless steel Zhu Xiaoning, Pan Qing, Li Yibo, Jiang Xuepeng Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (11): 9-16.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.11.002 Abstract （175）      PDF （555KB）（51）       Knowledge map    Isothermal compression test was carried out by Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation testing machine with strain rate of 0.001-1 s-1, deformation temperature of 1223-1523 K and compression deformation of 65% to study the high temperature rheological behavior of forged 316LN stainless steel. The rheological stress constitutive model was established and applied to Deform-3D software platform. The thermal simulation test results were simulated in equal size by importing new material data and considering interface friction. The results show that the compressive stress of 316LN austenitic stainless steel decreases with the increase of deformation temperature at the same strain rate. At the same deformation temperature, the compressive stress increases with the increase of strain rate. In the true stress-true strain curves, the compressive stress gradually reaches a stable value with the increase of strain. Considering the interface friction coefficient, the deformation simulation is carried out by using Arrhenius constitutive model, which shows the effectiveness and reliability of the constitutive equation and simulation model, and can provide research basis and theoretical basis for the engineering application of 316LN stainless steel. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of B-Ce composite microalloying on microstructure and mechanical properties of S31254 super austenitic stainless steel Wang Shujing, Wang Tonghao, Wang Jian, Li Yuping, Han Peide Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (2): 14-19.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.02.003 Abstract （173）      PDF （559KB）（26）       Knowledge map    Microstructure and mechanical properties of the S31254 super austenitic stainless steel after B-Ce composite microalloying was investigated by means of SEM and tensile tests. The results show that the B and B-Ce composite microalloying can inhibit the precipitation of σ phase and improve the precipitation morphology of σ phase. Under the same solution treatment conditions, the B-Ce composite microalloyed specimens are more conducive to the complete redissolution of σ phase. Under the same aging conditions, the B-Ce composite microalloying has a more obvious effect on inhibiting σ phase precipitation. The dimples at tensile fracture of the B and B-Ce composite microalloyed specimens are larger and deeper, and the elongation of the materials is also significantly increased, indicating that microalloying is beneficial to further improve the toughness of the S31254 steel. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Wear resistance of 20Cr13 steel with high hardness Wang Fan, Mu Lei, Ge Rongfan, Li Fangzhong, Li Yunyin Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (10): 218-220.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.10.039 Abstract （172）      PDF （645KB）（27）       Knowledge map    20Cr13 stainless steel was quenched and tempered at different temperatures to obtain different hardness, and the corresponding friction and wear properties of the 20Cr13 steel were studied. The results show that when the tempering temperature ≥580 ℃, the hardness of the steel >40 HRC, the friction coefficient K is consistent with the hardness, and the wear resistance is poor. When the tempering temperature ≤550 ℃, the hardness >40 HRC, friction coefficient K deviates from the trend of hardness and tends to a constant value, the wear volume V is not affected by the hardness, and the wear resistance is high. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of solution temperature on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel 2507 Gu Guochao, Li Ruifen, Xin Zhenmin, Xiang Lixin, Xu Wenhua, Lü Yupeng Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (6): 1-6.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.06.001 Abstract （172）      PDF （3745KB）（321）       Knowledge map    Effect of solution temperature on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 2507 super duplex stainless steel was investigated by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, XRD, tensile test and electrochemical analysis. The thermodynamic equilibrium phase diagram of the 2507 duplex stainless steel was calculated by Thermo-Calc thermodynamic software and compared with the test results. The results show that σ phase can be eliminated by solution treatment at temperatures higher than 1050 ℃. With the increase of solution temperature, the content of ferrite phase increases, the content of austenite phase decreases, and the volume fraction ratio of α/γ increases. The duplex stainless steel has better comprehensive mechanical properties after solution treatment at 1050-1100 ℃ for 30 min and water cooling, of which the yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are more than 600 MPa, 840 MPa and 35%, respectively. The duplex stainless steel can obtain better corrosion resistance after solution treatment at 1050 ℃ for 30 min. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  High temperature oxidation behavior of 309SMOD austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel Meng Chongchong, Yang Xiaorong, Zhang Huayu, Zhang Wei, Chen Huiqin Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (11): 24-28.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.11.004 Abstract （171）      PDF （556KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Oxidation behavior of the 309SMOD austenitic stainless steel at different temperatures was analyzed by weight gain method. The parabolic oxidation kinetics curves of the steel at high temperatures were obtained. The morphology and phases of the oxides were analyzed by means of SEM, EDS and XRD. The results show that the slab and block oxide morphologies are observed at 800 ℃, while the oxides are mainly spinel particles at 900 ℃ and 1000 ℃. The mixed three-layer oxidation films are observed on the surface of the 309SMOD austenitic stainless steel, of which the outermost layer is consisted of MnCr2O4 and FeCr2O4, the sub outer layer is Cr2O3, and the innermost layer is SiO2. The oxide film structure makes the 309SMOD austenitic stainless steel with good high temperature oxidation resistance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Thermal fatigue properties of H13 and Dievar steels for hot-work die Wu Fangjun, Deng Xiaoyun, Jie Xiaohua, Zheng Kaihong, Luo Zhichao Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (3): 165-172.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.03.032 Abstract （170）      PDF （617KB）（26）       Knowledge map    Effect of tempering temperature on thermal fatigue properties of the H13 and Dievar hot-work die steels was investigated. The Uddeholm self-constrained thermal fatigue test was conducted on the specimens tempered at 520, 580 and 640 ℃, and the thermal fatigue damage factors were obtained to quantify the fatigue damage of the steels. The results show that the Dievar steel has a lower hardness but higher impact property than that of the H13 steel tempered at the same temperature, and possesses better thermal fatigue resistance. Tempered at 580 ℃, the carbide sizes of the H13 steel and Dievar steel are about 10.1 μm and 6.3 μm, respectively. The high carbide content and large size of the H13 steel result in the decrease of toughness and thermal fatigue resistance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Microstructure and wear resistance of AlCoCrFeMnZr near-eutectic high-entropy alloy Wang Zhixin, Yang Cheng, Ma Mingxing, Wang Bozhen, Dong Chen, Li Shangzhi, Hou Runsen Heat Treatment of Metals    2023, 48 (1): 1-5.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.01.001 Abstract （169）      PDF （695KB）（145）       Knowledge map    AlCoCrFeMnZr near-eutectic high-entropy alloy was prepared by vacuum melting, then its crystal structure, morphology, hardness and wear resistance were tested by means of XRD, SEM, microhardness tester and friction and wear testing machine. The results show that the phase structure of the AlCoCrFeMnZr alloy is BCC+HCP dual-phase structure, composing of primary phase and fine lamellar eutectic. The primary phase consists of the HCP phase enriched in Cr, Fe, and Zr, which grows in a dendritic manner. The main elements in the dendrite region (α phase) of the lamellar eutectic structure are Co, Cr and Fe, and the main elements in the intergranular (β phase) are Al and Zr, which conforms to the structure and element distribution of high-entropy alloys. The wear model changes from adhesive wear and abrasive wear to oxidative wear, and the friction factor shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the average friction factor is 0.5432, the microhardness is 768.8 HV0.5, that means the alloy has excellent hardness and wear resistance. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of original microstructure and annealing process on spheroidizing effect of high carbon fine blanking steel SK85 Liu Jianfeng, Yu Jianlin, Ge Qilu, Qiu Shengtao, Tang Xiaoyong Heat Treatment of Metals    2021, 46 (6): 36-40.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.008 Abstract （167）      PDF （612KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Aiming at the quality requirement of controlling the spheroidization rate of high carbon fine blanking steel SK85 above 90% in the end market, the important factors affecting the spheroidization effect of SK85 were found out through test and analysis. The results show that both of the original microstructure and the spheroidizing annealing process are the important factors affecting spheroidizing effect. Adopting hot rolling by low temperature coiling can result in finer microstructure with smaller lamellar spacing before annealing, and the spheroidizing tendency is better. When the spheroidizing annealing temperature is between Ac1-Ac3, the carbon atoms are fully diffused, and the lamellar cementite dissolves into spherules, so the spheroidizing effect is the best. The suitable process parameters for high carbon fine blanking steel SK85 so obtained ensures on the industrial production line the spheroidization rate of over 90% and good fine blanking property, which has been already recognized by users. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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  Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and properties of particle reinforced low-alloyed wear resistant steel Huang Long, Deng Xiangtao, Wang Zhaodong Heat Treatment of Metals    2022, 47 (3): 1-6.   doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.03.001 Abstract （166）      PDF （670KB）（98）       Knowledge map    Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of particle reinforced low-alloyed wear resistant steel tempered at different temperatures were studied. The results show that a large number of micron-scale and nanoscale TiC particles are uniformly dispersed in the rolled particle reinforced low-alloyed wear resistant steel. With the tempering temperature increasing, more ε-carbides are precipitated in the matrix, the yield strength of the tested steel overall increases first and then decreases, the tensile strength, hardness and impact absorbed energy gradually decrease, while the elongation gradually increases. The tested steel shows the best comprehensive mechanical properties and three-body abrasive wear properties when tempered at 200 ℃. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics