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  • BEARING
    New material for aerospace bearing:60NiTi alloy
    Zhang Jiahua, Xiao Fei, Wang Jianzhong, Xu Zhongjun, Jin Xuejun
    2021, 46(6):  1-7.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.001
    Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (899KB) ( 268 )  
    Among the large family of NiTi alloys, the NiTi alloy with equal atomic ratio have shape memory effect and super elasticity, Compared with NiTi alloy, thermoelastic martensitic transformation does not occur in the 60NiTi alloy, and it has no shape memory effect and super elasticity. However it has outstanding potential in hardness, corrosion resistance and elastic properties, showing a good application prospect in the aerospace field. The solid solution treated 60NiTi alloy also has structural stability, super corrosion resistance and excellent wear resistance, and has become a candidate new material for aerospace bearings.
    Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless bearing steel
    Wang Lingqi, He Yanlin, Pan Le
    2021, 46(6):  8-13.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.002
    Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (616KB) ( 227 )  
    Microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless bearing steel Cronidur 30 with different tempering temperature were studied and analyzed by universal tensile testing machine, impact testing machine, OM, X-ray diffraction, SEM and TEM, etc. The results show that the microstructure is tempered martensite, carbonitride and retained austenite after tempering at 150-500 ℃. When the tempering temperature exceeds 550 ℃, the microstructure is tempered sorbite, and the precipitated phase gradually gathers and grows. With the tempering temperature increase, the hardness and the tensile strength first decrease, then increase, finally decrease, the impact toughness behaves on the contrary. Secondary hardening occurs because of M23C6 and Cr2N increase when tempered at 450 ℃, and the tensile strength is 2133 MPa. After tempered at 400 ℃, the precipitated phases (σ phases) which riched in Cr-Fe-Mo is observed slightly, reduces impact toughness observably. When tempered at 500 ℃, the impact toughness slightly decreases because of the translation of retained austenite.
    Comparative analysis of high performance bearing steels
    Li Xiong, Lin Faju, Du Simin, Wu Chengchuan
    2021, 46(6):  14-20.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.003
    Abstract ( 178 )   PDF (614KB) ( 119 )  
    Several kinds of high performance bearing steels were compared and analyzed. The results show that the strengths of carburized bearing steels are lower than that of through-hardened bearing steels, but the ductility and toughness are higher. Only the hardness of CSS-42L and M62 steels reaches 68 HRC among the current steel grades, which means that it has greater dynamic load-bearing capacity. High chromium Cr-Mo-V(Co) bearing steels have better hot hardness than other steels, and hot hardness of CSS-42L and M62 steels at 500 ℃ exceed 58 HRC. The hardness profiles of P675, Ferrium C61 and M50NiL are better than CSS-42L. Although CSS-42L steel has a high surface hardness, there is “concave area” in the hardness profile of the carburized layer, which limits its use under high load conditions. Corrosion resistance is the most important index affecting bearing life. The corrosion resistances of Cronidur 30 and Pyrowear 675 are better than that of CSS-42L and M50NiL. In addition to CSS-42L steel, the volume percent of retained austenite in bearing steels used above 350 ℃ is less than 10%. There are too many retained austenite in CSS-42L steel, which will affect the dimensional stability due to the transformation of austenite under the action of temperature and load when used at high temperature, so CSS-42L steel is limited applicating in aerospace field. Now only M62 and ASP2060 steels can be used as bearing above 500 ℃. Carburizing/nitriding can generate residual compressive stress on the steel surface, which is beneficial to improve the fatigue life. The subsurface compression stresses of P675 and M50NiL steels are greater than that of CSS-42L steel. Although the fatigue life of the CSS-42L steel tested by the ball-on-rod tester is approximately twice that of the Pyrowear 675 steel, the fatigue life of the Pyrowear 675 steel is higher than that of the CSS-42L steel when the lubrication is insufficient in the high-load accelerated test of the bearings.
    Effects of post-quenching cleaning and cold treatment process on retained austenite content of 9Cr18 steel bearing ring
    An Min, Fu Zhongyuan, Yuan Chao, Xia Yunzhi
    2021, 46(6):  21-23.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.004
    Abstract ( 138 )   PDF (613KB) ( 106 )  
    Effects of cleaning process after oil quenching, subzero treatment process and interval between cleaning and subzero treatment on the final retained austenite content of 9Cr18 steel bearing ring were analyzed in view of the same quenching and tempering conditions. The results show that the higher the cleaning temperature after oil quenching, and the longer the interval between cleaning and subzero treatment, the higher the retained austenite content. However, the content of retained austenite increases when the temperature of subzero treatment is much too low, so the recommended subzero treatment temperature should be between -70 ℃ and -80 ℃.
    Influence of oil groove mechanism of mesh belt furnace on taper distortion of deep groove ball bearings
    Wang Tao, Zhao Kang
    2021, 46(6):  24-26.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.005
    Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (614KB) ( 57 )  
    Mesh belt furnace is often used for heat treatment of deep groove ball bearings. The structure of mesh belt furnace oil groove, viscosity of quenching oil and cooling rate have great influence on the quenching distortion of bearings. Based on 6206/01 bearing ring, the mechanism of taper distortion was discussed. The results show that the taper distortion of bearing ring in heat treatment has a great correlation with the uniformity of quenching and cooling. When the turnover speed of small mesh belt is adjusted to 15 s, the uniformity of quenching and cooling of bearing ring can be improved, and the taper distortion of 6206/01 bearing ring can be better controlled. It can also be used for reference to other specifications of bearing rings.
    Comparative analysis of evaluation standards of carbide network in high carbon chromium bearing steel
    Zhuang Quan, Wang Yutian, Dong Zhipeng
    2021, 46(6):  27-30.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.006
    Abstract ( 131 )   PDF (621KB) ( 91 )  
    By comparing GB/T 18254—2016 and SEP 1520-1998 of two carbide network evaluation standards, the impact of the difference in rating magnification, rating picture pedigree and rating principles on quality judgment was analyzed. The results show that compared with the GB/T 18254—2016 standard, the map setting, detection and evaluation methods of the SEP 1520-1998 standard reflect the physical level more comprehensively and are more operable. At the same time, it is proposed that due to the difference in the cooling rate of the surface layer and the core of large bearing member, the control requirements for the grade of carbide network on the surface and in the center should be separately proposed according to the effective thickness.
    PROCESS RESEARCH
    Effect of annealing on microstructure and properties of a Fe-Cr-Al-Mn duplex stainless steel
    Chen Peng, Zhang Xiaoming, Pan Mingming
    2021, 46(6):  31-35.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.007
    Abstract ( 103 )   PDF (618KB) ( 67 )  
    A new type of resource-saving duplex stainless steel Fe-Cr-Al-Mn was designed, prepared, and hot rolled in the high temperature single-phase ferrite (α) region. The effects of different annealing processes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance after cold-rolling were further studied. The results show that the coarse α-phase grains are broken and refined after the cold rolling. During the annealing process, austenite nucleates and grows at the ferrite grain boundaries. As the annealing time increases, the volume fraction of austenite gradually increases. With the increases of annealing temperature, the volume fraction of austenite decreases, both the elongation and the pitting corrosion resistance show a tendency to increase first and then decrease. After 800 ℃×4 h annealing, the phase ratio and grain size of ferrite and austenite are uniform, which results in excellent combination of strength, elongation and pitting resistance.
    Effect of original microstructure and annealing process on spheroidizing effect of high carbon fine blanking steel SK85
    Liu Jianfeng, Yu Jianlin, Ge Qilu, Qiu Shengtao, Tang Xiaoyong
    2021, 46(6):  36-40.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.008
    Abstract ( 167 )   PDF (612KB) ( 33 )  
    Aiming at the quality requirement of controlling the spheroidization rate of high carbon fine blanking steel SK85 above 90% in the end market, the important factors affecting the spheroidization effect of SK85 were found out through test and analysis. The results show that both of the original microstructure and the spheroidizing annealing process are the important factors affecting spheroidizing effect. Adopting hot rolling by low temperature coiling can result in finer microstructure with smaller lamellar spacing before annealing, and the spheroidizing tendency is better. When the spheroidizing annealing temperature is between Ac1-Ac3, the carbon atoms are fully diffused, and the lamellar cementite dissolves into spherules, so the spheroidizing effect is the best. The suitable process parameters for high carbon fine blanking steel SK85 so obtained ensures on the industrial production line the spheroidization rate of over 90% and good fine blanking property, which has been already recognized by users.
    Effect of Cr content and heating temperature on decarburized layer of 60Si2Mn spring steel for high-speed rail spring
    Bao Wanyao, Li Jinbo, Gao Xiuhua, Chen Hongwei, Li Shaojie, Wu Hongyan, Zhang Zhixin, Du Linxiu
    2021, 46(6):  41-44.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.09
    Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (237KB) ( 43 )  
    Through increasing Cr element content in the 60Si2Mn spring steel for fastener system of high-speed rail and analyzing its decarburization under different heating temperature, the influence of Cr element and heating temperature on microstructure and thickness of the decarburized layer on the spring steel were determined. The results show that the thickness of the decarburized layer under different heating temperatures is obviously reduced when increasing the Cr element content to >0.35%, and only partial decarburization exists when the heating temperture is above 900 ℃. At the same time, the thickness of the decarburized layer increases with the increase of heating temperature.
    Laser cladding remanufacturing process of aircraft landing gear based on 30CrMnSiNi2A steel
    Chen Zixin, Zhou Houming, Xu Caixing, Da Limei, Zhu Yuxu, He Fangjia, Wang Zeda
    2021, 46(6):  45-52.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.010
    Abstract ( 89 )   PDF (619KB) ( 52 )  
    20%WC-Ni composite coating was prepared on the surface of 30CrMnSiNi2A steel. The effects of laser cladding process parameters (laser power P, defocusing amount L, scanning speed V) on the microstructure and properties of the coating were studied by means of laser cladding technology with orthogonal experiment. The results show that the influence of process parameters on the microhardness of the coating is in the order of P>L>V. The orthogonally optimized process parameters are P=1800 W, L=-20 mm, V=5 mm/s, the coating prepared by using these parameters has compact microstructure and good bonding with the substrate, and its hardness reaches 542 HV0.2. The mass loss of this coating is only 25.92% of that of the matrix material under dry friction condition; the electrochemical corrosion rate is 0.0025 mm/a, which is only 1.37% of that of the matrix material; the surface of the coating maintains good performance under 1000 h salt spray condition.
    Effect of solution treatment on microstructure and properties of Al-8.8Zn-2.0Mg-2.1Cu-0.1Zr-0.1Ce alloy
    Li Caiqiong, Kong Debin, Yu Xinxiang
    2021, 46(6):  53-58.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.011
    Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (621KB) ( 66 )  
    Effects of solution treatment temperature and time on microstructure, tensile properties and fracture morphology of Al-8.8Zn-2.0Mg-2.1Cu-0.1Zr-0.1Ce alloy sheet were studied by using tensile test, conductivity test, optical micrography (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DSC) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the suitable solution treatment process for the alloy is 470 ℃×60 min, which makes the intermetallic compounds in cold rolled alloy fully solved, and the tensile strength (Rm), yield strength (Rp0.2) and elongation (A) of the alloy after aging are 646 MPa, 581 MPa and 14.5%, respectively. The TEM observation shows that the intragranular strengthening phase η′ is only 2-5 nm and the grain boundary phase η distributes discontinuously after solution and aging treatment. In addition, a large number of AlCuCeZn particles dispersed in the tensile fracture dimples are beneficial to the improvement of the ductility of the alloy.
    Effect of intercritical quenching and tempering on microstructure and mechancial properties of 600 MPa HSLA steel
    Yang Peng, Zhang Pengyan, Ji Jiuzhang
    2021, 46(6):  59-64.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.012
    Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (616KB) ( 94 )  
    A 600 MPa high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel was heat treated by quenching and tempering, and influence of different tempering temperature and different quenching temperature on its microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that the tensile strength, yield strength and yield ratio of the steel decrease with the increase of tempering temperature, but the elongation increases gradually. Type II temper brittleness appears when the tempering temperature is above 620 ℃, which result in sharp decrease of the impact performance. When the quenching temperature reaches 820 ℃, ferrite+granular bainite microstructure is obtained, which is conducive to preventing the crack propagation and ensure high impact performance.
    Effect of annealing temperature on surface microstructure and corrosion properties of MAO-TC4 titanium alloy
    Wang Jin, Yu Guoqing, Wang Guodi, Zhang Manxue, Feng Tian, Xie Niansuo, Jing Ran
    2021, 46(6):  65-68.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.013
    Abstract ( 93 )   PDF (616KB) ( 40 )  
    Surface treatment of TC4 alloy was carried out by using micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The morphologies, thickness, hardness, phase structure, and electrochemistry corrosive behavior of surface oxide film on the MAO-TC4 alloy annealed at different temperatures were studied by means of X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscope, laser confocal microscope, microhardness test and electrochemical corrosion. The results show that, with the increase of annealing temperature, microhardness of surface oxide film of the MAO-TC4 alloys increases, and when annealed at 850 ℃, the maximum hardness of 592 HV0.2 can be obtained. The film corrosion resistance of the MAO-TC4 alloy increases at first and then decreases with the increase of annealing temperature in the range of 450-850 ℃. When the annealing temperature is 650 ℃, the self-etching current density of film is 0.125 μA/cm2, at which the optimal corrosion resistance is presented.
    Effect of quenching on microstructure and properties of wear-resistant steel NM400
    Li Canming
    2021, 46(6):  69-73.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.014
    Abstract ( 102 )   PDF (620KB) ( 69 )  
    Effect of different off/on-line quenching processes on microstructure and mechanical properties of the NM400 steel microalloyed with Nb, B and a small amount of Cr was researched. Through optical microscope, SEM and TEM observation, the evolution of martensite sub-structure by off/on-line quenching process was analyzed. The results show that the size of martensite in on-line quenching process is smaller and the proportion of large angle grain boundaries is larger, the crystalline defects such as deformation dislocation of rolled austenite are retained, which provides the location for the precipitation of carbides during tempering, makes the distribution of precipitates more dispersed, and has martensite-lower bainite duplex structure improving the hardness, strength and toughness of steel.
    Surface oxygen diffusion strengthening of near β titanium alloy by pre-coating
    Tong Jianbo, Li Xuefei, Huang Lijun, Zhang Wenqiang
    2021, 46(6):  74-78.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.015
    Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (624KB) ( 25 )  
    Oxygen diffusion on near β titanium alloy Ti-1023 with surface protection coating was conducted at different temperatures and in different atmospheres. The superficial microstructure and microhardness gradient of the alloy were characterized. The results indicate that the high temperature oxidation behavior of the alloy is repressed with surface coating, leading to formation of dense oxygen diffusion layer rather than porous brittle oxides, which can increase the surface hardness of the alloy. In the air atmosphere, the surface microhardness of the Ti-1023 alloy increases from 321 HV0.2 to 544 HV0.2, with the depth of over 500 μm when treated at 850 ℃ for 24 h. When treated at 750 ℃ for 48 h, which is below Tβ temperature in oxygen, the surface microhardness can be raised to 459 HV0.2 with basic structure maintained.
    Effect of cold rolling reduction ratio on microstructure and properties of 1180 MPa grade complex phase steel
    Wang Zhao, Liu Jingbao, Du Mingshan, Sun Xu, Yang Lina, Li Mengxing, Yang Mingwei
    2021, 46(6):  79-81.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.016
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (614KB) ( 34 )  
    Continuous annealing process of a 1180 MPa grade complex phase steel was simulated by Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator, and the effect of cold rolling reduction ratio on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the complex phase steel was studied by means of scanning electron microscope and tensile testing machine. The results show that under the same heat treatment conditions, as the cold rolling reduction ratio increases, the proportion of martensite and bainite in the complex phase steel gradually decreases, the degree of ferrite recovery and recrystallization gradually increases, and the complex microstructure gradually weakens. The larger the cold rolling reduction ratio is, the stronger the carbon atom diffusion ability is in the subsequent heat treatment process, and the mechanical properties gradually deteriorate. With the cold rolling reduction ratio of 30%, the ferrite+martensite+bainite complex phase microstructure in the steel is the most complete, and the steel has the optimal strength and plasticity.
    Effects of solution and aging treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of as-extruded 6082 aluminum alloy
    Liu Jizhao, Liu Wei, Yuan Haodeng, Wu Yuanzhi, Ye Tuo, Liu Wei, Deng Bin
    2021, 46(6):  82-87.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.017
    Abstract ( 84 )   PDF (615KB) ( 62 )  
    Effects of solution and aging treatment on mechanical properties and microstructure of as-extruded 6082 aluminum alloy were studied by using tensile testing machine, optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results show that the strength of the specimens solution treated at 530 ℃ is higher than that of specimens solution treated at 550 ℃, and the alloy shows different mechanical properties anisotropy after solution treatment at different temperatures, the yield strength of the alloy is significantly improved after aging treatment. The grain size of the alloy solution treated at 550 ℃ is obviously coarser. A large number of needle precipitates in the alloy are distributed after aging treatment, which can effectively hinder the movement of dislocation and enhance the strength of the alloy. A large number of dimples are found in the tensile fracture of the as-extruded alloy after different solution and aging treatments, showing the characteristics of ductile fracture.
    Effect of aging time on microstructure and mechanical properties of SLM 18Ni300 maraging steel
    Dong Fuyuan, Zhang Mingxu, Hou Junfeng
    2021, 46(6):  88-91.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.018
    Abstract ( 66 )   PDF (616KB) ( 44 )  
    Effect of aging time on microstructure and properties of maraging steel formed by selective laser melting (SLM) after solid solution and aging at 500 ℃ for different time was analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of the SLM 18Ni300 steel is composed of martensite, retrograde austenite and Ni3(Mo, Ti) precipitates after solution and aging treatment. With the increase of aging time, the precipitates gradually increase and grow up, the content of reverse austenite increases, and the hardness and strength gradually increase and then decrease after reaching the peak value, while the elongation increases continuously. The optimal aging process of the SLM 18Ni300 steel is 500 ℃×4 h.
    Effect of rolling deformation on microstructure and properties of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy
    Hong Dajun, Wan Donghai, Cao Junsheng, Zhang Shuai, Wang Haijun, Ge Yang
    2021, 46(6):  92-94.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.019
    Abstract ( 71 )   PDF (612KB) ( 52 )  
    A CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy was prepared by using vacuum suspension melting furnace, then hot rolled at 900 ℃ for 50% deformation and further warm rolled at 500 ℃ for 50% deformation. The effect of rolling deformation on microstructure and mechanical properties of the CrCoNi alloy was studied by means of OM, XRD, SEM, hardness tester and universal test machine. The results show that the CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy has a simple single-phase FCC solid solution structure in as-cast state, and no new phase is generated during rolling deformation. The CrCoNi alloy has good plastic deformation ability, and its performance is greatly improved after plastic deformation. The tensile strength can reach 890 MPa and the elongation can reach 60% after hot rolling, and the strength can be further increased by increasing deformation and the combination of hot rolling+warm rolling. Severe lattice distortion, work hardening and fine-grain strengthening all promote the combination of high strength and good toughness.
    Effect of isothermal cooling time on microstructure transformation and hardness of a Ti-V-Mo microalloyed steel
    Yu Yinjun, Zhao Shiyu, Zhang Ke, Li Zhaodong, Chen Zihao, Zhang Qing, Wang Xinzhi, Qian Jianqing
    2021, 46(6):  95-101.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.020
    Abstract ( 75 )   PDF (622KB) ( 33 )  
    Effect of isothermal cooling time on microstructure transformation, precipitation behavior and hardness of a Ti-V-Mo microalloyed steel was investigated by means of OM, SEM, TEM and Vickers hardness tester, and the factors influencing the hardness change were discussed. The results reveal that when the Ti-V-Mo microalloyed steel after austenitization is isothermally cooled at 630 ℃ from 0 to 3 h, with the increase of isothermal time, the proportion of ferrite in the matrix increases while the proportion of martensite and bainite decreases. In addition, the hardness increases firstly and then becomes stable, then re-increases and finally declines slightly. At the isothermal time ranging from 60 s to 1200 s, the hardness plateau occurs because the precipitation strengthening effect of (Ti, V, Mo)C nano-particles can compensate for the hardness loss caused by matrix softening due to phase transformation. When the isothermal time is 3600 s, the maximum hardness is 457 HV, and the precipitation strengthening effect of (Ti, V, Mo)C nano-particles is the best.
    Effect of normalizing temperature on microstructure and low temperature toughness of 355 MPa heavy section steel for marine engineering
    Zhao Peilin, Liu Chao, Wu Huiliang, Zheng Li
    2021, 46(6):  102-106.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.021
    Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (599KB) ( 42 )  
    Normalizing experiment was carried out on hot-rolled H-beam steel with yield strength of 355 MPa. Microstructure of the tested steel in hot rolled state and normalized at 890 and 920 ℃ was observed by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The impact properties of the tested steel in different states were compared and analyzed, and the correlation between microstructure and impact toughness was obtained. The experimental results show that with the increase of normalizing temperature, the abnormal microstructure such as widmanstatten decreases and disappears at last. Meanwhile, the segregation phenomenon in different positions of the flange thickness direction of the tested steel is effectively reduced. The pearlite lamellar spacing becomes smaller and the overall grain is refined. Compared with the original microstructure, the normalized microstructure uniformity in the core and edge is significantly improved. The low temperature impact property at -40 ℃ is significantly improved, and the impact absorbed energy difference between the core and edge is reduced, which is consistent with the change of microstructure.
    Heat treatment process and weldability of 100 mm thick S420 high strength steel
    Xiao Daheng, Zhang Yajing, He Hang, Tuo Chengde, Yuan Rui, Wu Huibin
    2021, 46(6):  107-110.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.022
    Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (592KB) ( 26 )  
    A 100 mm thick S420 high strength steel was designed with the concept of low C, low Si and Ni+Cr+Mo+Cu composite strengthening. Microstructure observation, mechanical property test and crack tip opening displacement CTOD test were performed before and after welding. The test results show that after quenching at 900 ℃ and tempering at 580 ℃, the comprehensive properties of the steel plate reach the best. The yield strength is 478 MPa, the tensile strength is 581 MPa, and the elongation is 28.4%. After welding, the steel plate has excellent impact property at -40 ℃. From the welded seam to the fusion line +5 mm in the transition zone, the core impact absorbed energy is stable at more than 100 J. The CTOD performance test results show that the CTOD value is as high as 1.59 mm even in the coarse grained heated-affected zone (CGHAZ) with the weakest performance.
    Effect of quenching mode on microstructure and properties of Ti-microalloyed medium carbon steel
    Wang Cheng, Guo Hongli, Sun Jian, Li Defa
    2021, 46(6):  111-115.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.023
    Abstract ( 75 )   PDF (592KB) ( 30 )  
    A Ti-microalloyed medium carbon steel was designed, and after controlled rolling, the tested steel was conducted by different heat treatment processes, that was online direct quenching+tempering at low temperature (DQ+LT) and off-line reheat quenching+tempering at low temperature (RQ+LT). By using mechanical properties testing and microstructure observation, effect of quenching mode (DQ and RQ) on microstructure and precipitates of the Ti microalloyed medium carbon steel was studied. The results show that the quenching mode has a significant effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tested steel. The grain morphology quenched by DQ and RQ processes is flat and equiaxed, respectively. The flattened martensite lath is slender and directional, and the matrix dislocation density is high. The effective grain size of equiaxed grains is finer, the martensite lath in the grain is uniform and non-directional, and there are a lot of fine carbides and (Ti, Mo)C precipitates in the matrix. Due to the microstructure difference, the tested steel treated by DQ process has some shortcomings, such as uneven transverse and longitudinal performance and poor impact property at low temperature, etc. While the tested steel treated by RQ process has uniform transverse and longitudinal performance and the good match of strength and toughness.
    Post weld heat treatment of GH3230 alloy
    Zhang Yonglu, Ju Quan, Hu Man, Ma Huiping, Zhang Shixiao
    2021, 46(6):  116-119.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.024
    Abstract ( 85 )   PDF (590KB) ( 57 )  
    Microstructure, microhardness and tensile properties of argon arc welded GH3230 alloy after different post weld heat treatment(PWHT) were tested and analyzed. The results indicate that after PWHT at 1140-1180 ℃ for 10 min, the GH3230 alloy can not only release the residual stress caused by welding, but also ensure the stability of microstructure, which meets the mechanical requirements of the alloy.
    Boron-carburizing process of 1Cr13 stainless steel and its properties
    Su Xuehu
    2021, 46(6):  120-125.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.025
    Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (593KB) ( 40 )  
    Pre-carburizing at 950 ℃ for 6 h and different boronizing processes for martensitic stainless steel 1Cr13 were carried out. Effects of composite infiltration process and final heat treatment on microstructure and properties of boron-carburized layer were studied by means of optical(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy spectrum analysis(EDS), microscopic Vickers hardness tester, XRD, electrochemical workstation. The results show that the optimum boron-carburizing process of 1Cr13 steel is carburizing at 950 ℃ for 6 h then boronizing at 950 ℃ for 6 h. Under this process, the surface hardness of boron-carburized layer is up to 1436 HV0.1, the hardness of the interface layer is 924 HV0.1. Pre-carburized layer hardness is 630-910 HV0.1 and the core hardness is 560-590.7 HV0.1. The hardness gradient of composite infiltration layer is relatively gentle on the whole. EDS results show that the interface layer have the highest Cr content, and it's mass fraction is 13.49%. XRD results show that the boronized layer is mainly Fe2B phase with high hardness and low brittleness, and there are a few FeB and CrB phases. The corrosion potential of the boron-carburized specimen is increased by 0.104 V compared with the original specimen, and the corrosion resistance of the steel is improved by the boron-carburizing process.
    Analysis on applicability of nitriding and post-oxidating technology
    Meng Xuan, Yao Xiaowei, Kong Lingfei
    2021, 46(6):  126-128.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.026
    Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (593KB) ( 40 )  
    By testing the dimensional accuracy, roughness and strength of nitrided parts before and after oxidation treatment, the applicability of oxidation treatment after nitriding in actual production was investigated. The results show that the influence of the process on the dimensional accuracy and roughness of parts is small, but the influence on the strength is large. Therefore, the oxidation treatment after nitriding is not suitable for the quenched and tempered workpieces and standard fasteners whose tempering temperature is lower than the oxidation temperature.
    Effect of aging on microstructure and properties of a new type of Ti-Al-V medium-entropy alloy
    Ge Yang, Hong Dajun, Zhang Shuai, Wan Donghai, Cao Junsheng, Wang Haijun
    2021, 46(6):  129-131.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.027
    Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (592KB) ( 20 )  
    A new type of Ti-Al-V medium-entropy alloy was prepared by vacuum suspension smelting, and aged at 500 ℃ and 700 ℃ respectively for 2 h. The density of the alloy was determined by using a fully automatic density balance. The effect of aging temperature on microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties of the alloy was investigated by metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, and Vickers microhardness tester. The results show that the Ti-Al-V medium-entropy alloy is a new type of alloy with light weight (density of 4.18 g/cm3) and high hardness (as-cast of 505 HV), in which BCC matrix and HCP Ti-rich lamellar/granular/acicular precipitates are found in both as-cast and aged states. The amount of precipitated phases in the aged alloy is significantly increased compared with that in as-cast state, and with the increase of aging temperature, the amount of precipitated phases with granular/needle morphologies further increases. The hardness of the alloy is higher in the as-cast state, but the uniformity of the mechanical properties is poor. As the aging temperature increases, the hardness of the alloy gradually decreases, but the mechanical properties are relatively more uniform.
    Effect of secondary solid solution treatment on microstructure and properties of IN718 alloy
    Xiang Chunhua, Wang Panzhi, Yang Xu, An Shihao
    2021, 46(6):  132-134.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.028
    Abstract ( 70 )   PDF (598KB) ( 39 )  
    Effect of secondary solid solution treatment on microstructure and high temperature tensile property of the IN718 alloy was investigated. The results show that compared with primary solid solution treatment, the content of δ phase in the IN718 alloy increases and the high temperature yield strength decreases after the secondary solid solution treatment. With the increase of secondary solid solution treatment temperature, the δ phase precipitation decreases, the high temperature yield strength increases.
    MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
    Microstructure evolution behavior of high chromium heat-resistant steel during creep
    Quan Chen, Liu Xinbao, Zhu Lin, Li Bo, Wang Ni
    2021, 46(6):  135-145.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.029
    Abstract ( 84 )   PDF (593KB) ( 37 )  
    According to the latest research results, the microstructure evolution behavior of high chromium heat-resistant steel during creep process was summarized and analyzed. Due to the coarsening of M23C6 carbide and Laves phase, the properties of high chromium heat-resistant steel decrease during long-term creep. The stability of high temperature structure can be improved by adjusting element content and improving heat treatment process. The formation of Z-phase is closely related to the consumption of MX-phase, and the nucleation mechanism of Z-phase is still not clear. Therefore, it can provide an effective way to improve the high temperature performance of high chromium heat-resistant steel by generating sufficient amount of MX carbonitrides and maintaining the stability during the long-term creep exposure.
    Microstructure and properties of laser clad AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 high-entropy alloy composite coatings
    Zhang Yi, Gu Zhen, Gao Shuailong, Xi Shengqi
    2021, 46(6):  146-152.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.030
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (599KB) ( 43 )  
    Laser cladding technology was used to prepare the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 high-entropy alloy coatings on the Q235 steel substrate. It was expected to improve the hardness and the wear resistance of the surface layer of cutting tool suitable for dry cutting technology. After preliminary selecting, the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 (x=1,1.5,2) high-entropy alloy coating system was mainly studied, and the phase structure, microstructure and specific element distribution of the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 alloy coatings with different Al content were analyzed by means of XRD and 3D laser scanning imaging. The results show that for the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 high-entropy alloy coatings, with the continuous addition of Al, the phase structure of the coating gradually evolves from a single BCC phase to a dual-phase BCC structure, and the grains are gradually refined. When x=2, the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 high-entropy alloy coating reaches the highest hardness, with an average of 1089.6 HV0.3, which is about 5 times of that of the base material, and it has the best wear performance.When x=1.5, the AlxNbMn2FeMoTi0.5 high-entropy alloy coating reaches the highest self corrosion potential and the lowest self corrosion current density, and has the best corrosion resistance.
    Kinetics of austenite grain growth of S34MnV steel
    Yan Yong, Bu Hengyong, Li Mengnie, Zheng Shanju
    2021, 46(6):  153-159.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.031
    Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (591KB) ( 33 )  
    Austenitizing experiment of the S34MnV steel was carried out under different heating temperature and holding time by using DIL-805ADT dynamic dilatometer. The average grain sizes of austenite were measured by etching grain boundaries and optical microscope observation. And the austenite grain growth law of the S34MnV steel was intensively studied. Compared with Beck model, Hillert model and Sellers model, the model parameters were fitted and optimized according to the measured grain size data, and the kinetic model of austenite grain growth of the S34MnV steel was established. The results show that the calculated results of Sellars model are in good agreement with the measured data, which can be used to predict the austenite grain growth of the S34MnV steel in a temperature range of 880 ℃ to 920 ℃ when holding for 10 min to 240 min.
    Room temperature and cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of partially recrystallized Fe40Mn10Cr25Ni25 high-entropy alloy
    Wu Yatao, Huang Dejun, Yang Huijun, Zhang Min, Qiao Junwei
    2021, 46(6):  160-167.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.032
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (655KB) ( 30 )  
    The Fe40Mn10Cr25Ni25 high-entropy alloy (HEA) with partial recrystallization was prepared by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. The tensile properties of the alloy at room temperature (298 K) and cryogenic temperature (77 K) were studied. The results show that the alloy has excellent room temperature and cryogenic temperature mechanical properties. Both the strength and ductility of the alloy are improved under tension at cryogenic temperature. The strength and percentage elongation after fracture at room temperature are 880 MPa and 18% respectively, and 1360 MPa and 36% respectively at 77 K. The tensile deformation of the alloy at room temperature is dominated by dislocation slip, but by dislocation slip and twinning at cryogenic temperature. The coarse grains deform before fine grains under tensile stress at room temperature, resulting in a strain gradient inside the specimen, so that the work hardening rate of the alloy is increased, the alloy exhibits excellent combination of strength and ductility at room temperature. A large quantity of high-density deformation twins are formed in the coarse grains under tensile stress at cryogenic temperature, so that the cryogenic temperature mechanical properties of the alloy can be improved.
    Microstructure, tensile properties and intergranular corrosion resistance of 7075 aluminum alloy under multi-directional severe strain and aging
    Cao Yanyan, Huang Tiantian, Wei Chunhua, Yan Weilin
    2021, 46(6):  168-171.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.033
    Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (594KB) ( 24 )  
    Microstructure and properties of 7075 aluminum alloy treated by multi-directional forging and aged at 80 ℃ for 1260 min were studied by means of OM, TEM, mechanical properties and intergranular corrosion testing, and intergranular corrosion resistance of the specimen under different states was analyzed emphatically. The results show that after multi-directional forging and aging, the grains of the specimen are refined obviously, the strength is improved greatly and the plasticity is maintained well, meanwhile, the intergranular corrosion resistance is improved due to the discontinuously distributed grain boundary precipitates. Finally, the obtained optimal comprehensive properties of the specimen are: tensile strength of 640.25 MPa, elongation of 16.59%, and self corrosion current density of 1.077×10-4 A·cm-2.
    Prediction of heat treatment parameters and thermophysical properties of Q1100 high strength steel for construction machinery
    Wang Yujing, Wu Guangliang
    2021, 46(6):  172-176.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.034
    Abstract ( 68 )   PDF (594KB) ( 30 )  
    Equilibrium phase composition, continuous heating austenitizing (TTA) curve, continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curve, hardenability and thermophysical properties of the Q1100 high strength steel were simulated and predicted by using JMatPro 7.0 software. The results show that the austenitizing temperature Ac1 is 713.3 ℃, Ac3 is 831.9 ℃. When the heating rate is 1000 ℃/s, the homogenization time for austenite is the shortest in the continuous heating process of the steel. In the process of continuous cooling, the yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness of the steel all increase with the increase of cooling rate. When the cooling rate is 100 ℃/s, the maximum hardness, yield strength and tensile strength reach 41.7 HRC, 1180 MPa and 1267 MPa, respectively. The density and young's modulus all increase with the decrease of temperature, while the thermal conductivity first decreases and then increases, and the specific heat capacity, Poisson's ratio and linear expansion coefficient all decrease with the decrease of temperature.
    Effect of solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of GH4720Li alloy
    Tang Chao, Zhang Xiaomeng, Luo Junpeng, Qu Jinglong, Du Jinhui, Zhang Ji
    2021, 46(6):  177-185.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.035
    Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (596KB) ( 28 )  
    Effect of solution temperature on microstructure (including grain and γ′ phase) and mechanical properties of the GH4720Li alloy was investigated by means of optical microscope(OM), field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) and mechanical tensile tester. The results show that the volume fraction of primary γ′ decreases, the diameter of tertiary γ′ increases and the average grain size increases with the solution temperature increasing. When the solid solution temperature exceeds 1120 ℃, the primary γ′ phase is rapidly dissolved, the grain grows rapidly, the grain size distribution inhomogeneity increases. The solid solution temperature has a parabolic linear relationship with the strength, and the strength peak is at 1130 ℃. As the solution temperature increases, the plasticity of the alloy decreases, and when the solution temperature exceeds 1100 ℃, the plasticity decreases faster. Stress-rupture tensile test under 680 ℃/830 MPa shows that the duration increases with the increase of solid solution temperature; when the solution temperature exceeds 1100 ℃, the duration increases obviously, but when the solution temperature exceeds 1130 ℃, the duration remains basically unchanged. As the solution temperature increases, the persistent plasticity decreases, but it decreases slowly below 1110 ℃, and rapidly or is even substandard above 1110 ℃. Furthermore, the relationship between solid solution temperature, microstructure and mechanical properties is discussed. The results provide a theoretical reference for the selection of solid solution heat treatment process for GH4720Li alloy disc.
    Interface microstructure and properties of 7075/6061 bimetallic ingot prepared by squeeze composite casting
    Zheng Xiaoping, Xie Wenjie, Cao Tong, Xiao Guangyao, Tian Yaqiang, Chen Liansheng
    2021, 46(6):  186-190.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.036
    Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (591KB) ( 32 )  
    A 7075/6061 clad bimetal composite ingot with “semi-solid structure/dendrite” distribution characteristics was prepared by squeeze composite casting technology, and the microstructure and hardness at the interface of the composite ingot were analyzed. The results show that the interface bonding is good as metallurgical bonding with no impurity and oxide scale. The transition of microstructure at the interface is smooth, and the solid particles of 7075 aluminum alloy distribute regularly; the distribution of alloy elements except for Zn is uniform. Most of the interface microstructure is composed of fine equiaxed grains, with a large quantity of alloy elements depositing at the grain boundary, resulting in the hardness of the interface higher than that on both sides, with the highest hardness of 63.3 HRB.
    High temperature formability and microstructure of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy
    Chen Shuisheng, Feng Mang, Yang Zhibo
    2021, 46(6):  191-194.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.037
    Abstract ( 93 )   PDF (650KB) ( 38 )  
    Influence of temperature on mechanical properties of the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet was studied by means of isothermal tensile tests. The microstructure change and fracture failure mechanism of the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet during high temperature deformation were discussed by metallographic observation and fracture morphology analysis. The results show that with the increase of temperature, the strength and hardness of the material decrease gradually, and the elongation after fracture shows an upward trend with a low-lying level appears at 250 ℃. When the temperature is lower than 200 ℃, true stress increases rapidly with the strain and then grows slowly, during this process, strain hardening mechanism is dominant, and the main softening mechanism is dynamic recovery. As the temperature reaches 200 ℃, true stress keeps stable after the peak value, which is mainly attributed to balance between the strain hardening and the recovery softening processes. When the temperature exceeds 200 ℃, true stress increases rapidly to the peak with the strain and then gradually decreases. This is due to the contribution of dynamic re-crystallization to material softening. At 250 ℃, because the dynamic recrystallization softening dominates, the stress decreases and the plasticity decreases significantly. When temperature rises to 300 ℃, the re-crystallization process nearly completes, the grains are elongated along the tensile direction, the depth of dimples on the fracture surface increases, and their average sizes grow. In macroscopical sight, the plasticity of the material improves.
    Microstructure and properties of laser clad Ni-based self-lubricating coating on Ti6Al4V alloy
    He Binfeng
    2021, 46(6):  195-199.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.038
    Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (593KB) ( 30 )  
    Ni-based self-lubrication clad layers consisting of Ni25+Ni-coated MoS2 were fabricated on Ti6Al4V alloy by using fiber laser. The microstructure, phases composition and friction performance of the clad layers were studied by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and friction and wear tester. The results show that the clad layer surface mainly consists of petaloid and a little dendrites, while the microstructure at the clad-layer/substrate interface is mainly dendritic with a small amount of equiaxed grains. Intermetallic compounds such as NiTi and NiTi2 and some other compounds are formed, which can improve surface hardness of the clad layers effectively and make the hardness change from 180-200 HV0.3 of the substrate to 430-530 HV0.3 of the surface layer. Meanwhile, the hardness decreases somewhat with the increase of amount of the Ni-coated MoS2. Besides, the frictional coefficient of the clad layers with adding 5% and 10% MoS2 is larger, and it decreases somewhat when the addition is 15%. The wear rate of the clad layers also decreases from 7.49×10-7 mm3·N-1·m-1 at 5% addition to 3.29×10-7 mm3·N-1·m-1 at 15% addition.
    Microstructure and mechanical properties of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel after heat treatment
    Xu Chen, Chen Guangxing, Zhang Yongwei, Tan Fei, Xu Xiaochang
    2021, 46(6):  200-204.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.039
    Abstract ( 77 )   PDF (594KB) ( 34 )  
    Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel with three different normalized microstructures during tempering and simulated post-weld heat treatment were analyzed by means of optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and mechanical testing machine. The results show that a large number of coarse carbides in coarse ferrite+pearlite structure of the 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel precipitate along the grain boundary after simulated post-weld heat treatment, which reduces the impact property of the steel significantly, while the precipitation of finely dispersed carbides in the ferrite improves the strength of the steel slightly. In addition, the widening of bainite ferrite laths and coarsening of carbides in the bainite structure reduce the strength of the steel, but have little effect on impact property. With the increase of ferrite content, the comprehensive mechanical properties of the 1.25Cr-0.5Mo steel become worse. When the ferrite content is higher than 38%, the mechanical properties of the steel plate will not meet the requirements.
    Effect of grain boundary character distribution on mechanical properties of Hastelloy alloy
    Wang Xiaoyan, Han Junjie, Sun Daofeng, Ren Qiqi, Yang Haoxin, Zhang Yongjian
    2021, 46(6):  205-208.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.040
    Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (570KB) ( 28 )  
    Effect of grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) on mechanical properties of the Hastelloy X (HX) alloy was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to examine the GBCD, fracture morphology and dislocation distributes. The results show that the tensile fracture at room temperature is composed of local cracks, dimples, and voids related to second phase precipitates. The cracking of the material with intragranular coherent twin structure is caused by the propagation of crack source, while that with incoherent twins is induced by microvoid coalescence. It indicates that the difference of mechanical properties at room temperature of the specimen with different grain boundary character distributions is mainly due to the effect of grain size and primary carbide distribution.
    Continuous cooling transformation of a high grade reaming steel
    Sun Yan, An Zhiguo, Song Yue
    2021, 46(6):  209-212.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.041
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (569KB) ( 24 )  
    Continuous cooling transformation curves of a high grade reaming steel were obtained by using a DIL805L thermal dilatometer combining with metallographic analysis. The results show that the microstructure of the steel with the cooling rate of 0.5-1 ℃/s is ferrite and pearlite at room temperature. Bainite appears with cooling rate exceeding 2 ℃/s, ferrite disappears with cooling rate greater than 25 ℃/s and martensite appears with cooling rate greater than 40 ℃/s. Besides, Si and Mn are cooperatively conducive to the formation of granular bainite structure. The combination of microalloy element Ti and N can refine the grains and indirectly improve the forming performance.
    Microstructure and properties of a gas turbine blade after long-term service
    Yang Jinping, Song Guobin, Dong Yongjun, Cui Chong, Duan Wenfeng, Shi Quanqiang, Shan Yiyin
    2021, 46(6):  213-220.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.042
    Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (566KB) ( 35 )  
    Microstructure and creep rupture property of a gas turbine blade at different positions after 45 000 h cumulative operation were researched. The experimental results show that the microstructure of the tenon tooth blade has no obvious degradation, however, the microstructure degrades obviously for the leading edge on the section near blade tip, in which the MC-type carbides are degraded and decomposed, and the cubic γ′ phase degenerates into coarse spherical γ′ phase. After long-term service, the blade hardness has no obvious change, however, the creep rupture strength reduces obviously and the extrapolation rupture strength of the gas turbine blade at 850 ℃ for 105 h reduces to 66.72 MPa.
    Microstructure evolution mechanism of nickel-based superalloy GH4698 during hot deformation
    Wang Yan, Gu Yu, Wang Jue, Li Jidong
    2021, 46(6):  221-224.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.043
    Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (566KB) ( 46 )  
    Microstructure evolution mechanism of the GH4698 alloy under different deformation conditions was studied by means of thermal simulation. The results show that high temperature and low speed deformation is conducive to dynamic recrystallization, and the initial deformation temperature of fully dynamic recrystallization is higher than 1150 ℃. From the engineering point of view, the initial deformation temperature of the alloy is recommended to be 1200 ℃, and the low speed deformation principle (0.01-0.1 s-1) is adopted. In order to obtain relatively uniform forging microstructure, the final forging temperature should be higher than 1050 ℃, and the forging process can be completed in multiple heats. After GJB 3782 standard recommended multistage heat treatment, there are a lot of dispersed particles in the grain γ′ nano precipitates play a good role in precipitation strengthening.
    FAILURE ANALYSIS
    Cause analysis for cracking of high temperature superheater tubes in supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler
    Zhao Ping
    2021, 46(6):  225-230.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.044
    Abstract ( 88 )   PDF (566KB) ( 47 )  
    High temperature superheater tube with TP347H steel membrane wall of one supercritical circulating fluidized bed boiler cracked frequently. The failure reasons were investigated by means of macroscopic examination, spectral analysis, mechanical property test, metallographic analysis and operation analysis. The results show that the chemical composition and mechanical properties of the sampled tubes meet the technical requirements of standard, and the metallographic structure is normal. The cracks originate from the weld toe between the tube and the fin and extend from the outer wall to the inner wall. The high-temperature superheater tube has a large-screen membrane wall structure. During the boiler start-up process, the temperature difference between adjacent tube walls is large and constantly changing, resulting in a large expansion difference in the axial direction of the tube and formation of alternating changes. So the thermal fatigue cracks initiate at the stress concentration position of weld toe. The welding residual stress in the weld toe and the straight groove on the outer surface of the tubes promote the formation and propagation of cracks.
    Cause analysis of abnormal microstructure of nodular cast iron parts after high frequency induction quenching
    Wang Lei, Ma Lu, Yang Bo, Zhang Kai, Song Yang, Wang Ye
    2021, 46(6):  231-235.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.045
    Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (565KB) ( 39 )  
    Low spheroidization rate and excessive ferrite content was detected in the high frequency induction hardening area of a ductile ironplane carrier riser after induction hardening. Through comparative analysis of microstructure and experiments, the results show that the abnormal graphite morphology in high frequency induction hardening area is related to the defect of nodular at the riser and relatively slow cooling rate. The ferrite content in high frequency induction hardening area after casting is too high, and the normalizing after casting does not effectively improve this phenomenon, which leads to the excessive ferrite content. The qualified part can be obtained by optimizing casting process, normalizing after casting and high frequency induction hardening.
    Cracking analysis of 8418 steel barrel used for aluminum-melting
    Zhao Xin'e
    2021, 46(6):  236-239.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.046
    Abstract ( 66 )   PDF (733KB) ( 32 )  
    Cracking occurred in the cooling hole of 8418 hot die steel used in an aluminum-melting barrel. The causes of cracking were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, optical microscope, Rockwell hardness tester and direct reading spectrometer. The results show that there are media containing Ca, S and Cl in the cooling hole of the barrel, which leads to stress corrosion cracking.
    Forging cracking cause analysis of Ni-based corrosion-resistant alloy Hastelloy C-276
    Ji Shuang, Li Huilin, Zhao Xiujuan, Zhang Yunfei, Zhao Yingli, Chen Wen, Shi Yulong, Xing Chengliang
    2021, 46(6):  240-244.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.047
    Abstract ( 79 )   PDF (571KB) ( 42 )  
    Cracking cause of corrosion resistant alloy Hastelloy C-276 during forging process was analyzed, and the effect of homogenization treatment on its microstructure was studied to improve the forging yield. The results show that there are a lot of μ precipitates in the as-cast microstructure of Hastelloy C-276 alloy, which is the main cause for the forging cracking. By increasing the homogenization heating temperature and prolonging the holding time, the dendrite segregation can be reduced. After heating at 1170 ℃ for 10 h followed with air cooling, the segregation disappears and the forging effect is good.
    Fracture failure analysis of 42CrMo steel high strength bolts for diesel engine
    Jiao Li, Shang Haikun, He Jianfeng, Zhao Yingjun, Zhang Weimin, Li Weimin, Zhou Lanmei
    2021, 46(6):  245-249.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.048
    Abstract ( 86 )   PDF (565KB) ( 71 )  
    Some 42CrMo steel high strength bolts of diesel engine fractured with their heads dropped in the fastening process. The reasons of fracture were analyzed synthetically by means of macroscopic examination, chemical compositions analysis, fiber streamline examination, transition fillet inspection, metallographic test and SEM analysis, and combined with the bolt processing analysis. The results show that in the process of quenching and tempering, quenching cracks and old fracture surfaces are formed in the head-rod joint zone with stress concentration, which reduces the effective bearing area of the bolt, so that the bolt fractures due to relative overload under assembly stress. The key factor causing the quenching cracks is that the transition fillet radius in the head-rod joint zone is too small and with poor machining.
    Causes and improvement methods of induction quenching cracks in mining toothed rail
    Mi Pei, Sun Yongpeng, Zhang Yong
    2021, 46(6):  250-252.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.049
    Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (610KB) ( 23 )  
    Cracks occurred in the induction quenching process of the tooth column for the mining toothed rail, the reasons were analyzed from the aspects of the chemical composition, the original microstructure, the macro and micro structures of the crack, and the process parameters. The results show that the problem of induction quenching cracking of the tooth column and toothed rail is solved by optimizing heating mode and cooling mode.
    Cracking failure analysis on a high speed shaft of belt conveyor reducer
    Tan Xiaomeng, Tian Feng, Qiao Xin, Guo Xin'ai
    2021, 46(6):  253-255.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.050
    Abstract ( 89 )   PDF (724KB) ( 40 )  
    Early fracture of the 18CrNiMo7-6 steel high speed shaft of belt conveyor reducer in a coal conveying system occurred, thus the failure analysis were carried out by using macroscopic, metallographic, chemical composition, SEM, and EDS analyses, as well as hardness and impact tests. The results show that the shaft fracture is of multi-source fatigue type, the fatigue source is located at the tip of key slot, and the early fracture of high-speed shaft is caused by without of proper surface strengthening heat treatment.
    Causes and control of black holes in chromvanadized layer
    Liu Yi, Zhang Mengjiu, Yu Yang, Sun Huihui
    2021, 46(6):  256-259.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2021.06.051
    Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (567KB) ( 28 )  
    In order to avoid the risk of the damage of the continuity of matrix and the shedding of surface, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the cause of black holes appeared in the infiltrating metal layer of GCr15 chain pin by chromvanadizing heat treatment. The results show that the main reasons for the formation of black holes are the content of vanadium in the penetrating agent, the selection of catalysts and the airtightness of equipment. By modifying the proportion of permeating agent and using vacuum equipment to carry out heat treatment, the problem of black hole in permeating metal layer is solved, and the wear resistance of the pin shaft is greatly improved.