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  • PROCESS RESEARCH
    Effect of carbon content on thermal fatigue properties of 4Cr5Mo2V hot work die steel
    Yin Junwei, Zhou Jian, Jiang Yehua, Chi Hongxiao, Lin Peng
    2020, 45(11):  1-6.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.001
    Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (2604KB) ( 55 )  
    With self-constrained thermal fatigue test method, the effect of carbon content(0.35% and 0.71%) on the thermal fatigue properties of 4Cr5Mo2V hot work die steel was studied by SEM, EDS and Jmat-pro thermodynamic calculation software. The results show that with the increase of carbon content, a large amount of finely dispersed MC-type carbides are precipitated in the steel, so that the temper softening resistance and thermal stability of the 0.71%C steel are better than those of the 0.35%C steel. After 1000 cycles of thermal fatigue, increasing the carbon content delays the initiation of thermal fatigue cracks. When the number of cycles increases to 2000, although the softening of the surface and matrix of 0.71%C steel is weaker than that of 0.35%C steel, but there are many undissolved carbides with large size and obvious aggregation distribution in the 0.71%C steel. These carbides are detached from the matrix under the effect of stress, and the detached places become channels for crack propagation, thereby promoting the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks.
    Secondary hardening behavior of 2000 MPa level low cost compound strengthened ultra-high strength steel
    Wang Chunxu, Zhang Pengjie, Gao Yuanhang, Li Yong, Han Shun, Liu Shaozun
    2020, 45(11):  7-10.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.002
    Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (2002KB) ( 42 )  
    Secondary hardening behavior of 2000 MPa level low cost compound strengthened ultra-high strength AIR0509 steel was studied by means of SEM and HRTEM, and compared with the AerMet100 steel widely used in the aviation field. The results show that the experimental steel exhibits an obvious secondary hardening phenomenon, the best combination of strength and toughness is obtained when tempered at 535 ℃ for 4 h, and the tensile strength, yield strength and impact absorbed energy are 2020 MPa, 1780 MPa and 68 J, respectively, the yield strength increases by 480 MPa compared to the quenched steel, which is dominated by the co-precipitation of both M2C carbide and β-NiAl intermetallic. Moreover, the AIR0509 steel shows strong resistance to overaging compared to AerMet100 steel.
    Effect of Ti on microstructure and mechanical properties of 9Cr-3Si-Al ferritic heat-resistant steel
    Huang Junbin, Huang Weigang
    2020, 45(11):  11-14.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.003
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (2510KB) ( 34 )  
    Effect of Ti on microstructure and mechanical properties of 9Cr-3Si-Al ferritic heat-resistant steel was studied. The results show that a large number of carbide particles which are fine and even, are distributed in the grains of the forged tested steel, and some of them are dissolved into the matrix after solution treatment. Combined with XRD and EDS tests, it is shown that the carbide particles are mainly Ti(C,N) phase which is MX phase on the specimen surface, while a small amount of Cr23C6 phase is detected on the grain boundary. The tensile strength and yield strength of the tested steel specimens aged at 600 ℃are higher than those of the solid solution specimens. Through the observation of the fracture morphology at room temperature and 650 ℃, it is found that the fracture at room temperature is brittle fracture with a small amount of micropores, which is a quasi-cleavage fracture. While the fracture at high temperature is microporous aggregation features, the density of dimples is higher and the toughness is better.
    Effect of rare earth on inclusions and low temperature impact properties of A572.Gr65 steel
    Meng Xiaoliang, Yu Yanchong, Kang Jian, Su Cheng, Wang Shebin
    2020, 45(11):  15-18.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.004
    Abstract ( 76 )   PDF (1938KB) ( 33 )  
    In order to study the effect of mixed rare earth (Ce/La) with different content on the impact properties of the A572.Gr65 steel at low temperature, low temperature impact tests were conducted on A572.Gr65 steel at -40 ℃ and -60 ℃, the inclusions and fracture morphology were observed by OM and SEM combined with EDS, and the chemical composition was detected. The results show that the rare earth can significantly modify the inclusions in the A572.Gr65 steel, and the irregular-shaped Al2O3 and Al2O3-CaO inclusions are modified into spherical inclusions bearing rare earth, of which the size is reduced from 5 μm to less than 2 μm. When the rare earth content reaches 0.0057%, the impact absorbed energy of the steel at -40 ℃ increases from 317.4 J (without rare earth) to 343.6 J, which increases by 8.2%, and the impact absorbed energy at -60 ℃ increases by 13.9% from 288.0 J (without rare earth) to 328.1 J.
    MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
    Effect of intercritical quenched and tempered microstructure on fatigue properties of 18CrNiMo7-6 gear steel
    Li Yunkun, Zhou Yun, Shi Jie, Yu Wenchao, He Xiaofei, Hu Fangzhong, Wang Maoqiu
    2020, 45(11):  19-25.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.005
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (593KB) ( 37 )  
    Taking 18CrNiMo7-6 gear steels (marked as IQ-T-1, IQ-T-2) produced by two different manufacturers as the research object, the effect of microstructure after intercritical quenching and tempering (IQ-T) on the mechanical properties, rotating bending properties and fatigue crack propagation behavior was analyzed. The results show that the IQ-T-1 tested steel has better strength and fatigue properties than that of the IQ-T-2 tested steel, with the strength and fatigue strength increased by about 97 MPa and 96 MPa respectively. The microstructure of the IQ-T-1 tested steel is composed of fine ferrite+small martensite+tempered martensite, while that of the IQ-T-2 tested steel is composed of coarse ferrite+tempered martensite. Fine ferrite+small martensite in the IQ-T-1 tested steel make the crack branching, crack closure and stress shielding phenomena more significant, giving rise to more inhibition of crack initiation and propagation.
    Characterization of embrittlement behavior and leakage prevention measures for HR3C steel pipe in high temperature service
    Ju Guangyu
    2020, 45(11):  26-31.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.006
    Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (586KB) ( 24 )  
    HR3C steel pipe is widely used in 566, 600 and 620 ℃ super/ultra supercritical pressure units because of its excellent resistance to steam oxidation, but it shows obvious embrittlement phenomenon in the process of high temperature aging, which seriously affects the safety and stable operation of the unit. Based on the typical characteristics of embrittlement failure cases, the embrittlement phenomenon, embrittlement mechanism and embrittlement prevention of HR3C steel pipe under high temperature aging and service state were systematically analyzed, and the preventive measures for the leakage of brittle HR3C steel pipe were put forward. Finally, the application difficulties and challenges of HR3C steel were pointed out.
    Effect of inclusions on impact performance of 15MnB steel
    Yang Zhirong, Yan Desheng, Yang Huaijun
    2020, 45(11):  32-37.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.007
    Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (590KB) ( 30 )  
    Under the influence of chemical composition and production process, MnS and TiN inclusions are easy to appear in 15MnB steel. The influence of S and Ti elements on the generation of inclusions and the impact performance of the 15MnB steel were studied through testing the steel with different S and Ti element content and with the same forging, rolling and heat treatment processes. The microstructure and inclusions of the specimen were analyzed by using optical microscope, and the chemical composition in different types inclusions was identified by using SEM and EDS. The results show that the impact performance of the 15MnB steel is the best when the S element content ≤0.0029% and the Ti element content ≤0.03%. The number and size of inclusions formed in the steel are both small, and the stability of impact performance of the steel increases with the decrease of its content when the S element content ≤0.0029%. A large amount of TiN with large size forms in the steel resulting in a significant reduction in the impact performance of the steel when the Ti element content ≥0.06%. In order to obtain good and stable impact performance, it is suggested that the species and grade of inclusions should be strictly controlled in the industrial production of 15MnB steel: inclusions of class D (thin series) ≤ grade 1.0, TiN inclusion ≤ grade 0.5, and no other types of inclusions.
    Microstructure evolution and hot deformation behavior of a heavy rail steel
    Cen Yaodong, Chen Lin, Dong Rui, Bao Xirong, Lou Mengjie
    2020, 45(11):  38-42.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.008
    Abstract ( 61 )   PDF (595KB) ( 20 )  
    A GGX-G heavy rail steel similar to the BGRE steel was compressively deformed for 30%, 50% and 70% at 850, 900, 930, 950 ℃ respectively by Gleeble-1500D thermal simulation testing machine, and then undergone stepped cooling at different cooling rates. The effects of deformation temperature and deformation amount on the microstructure and pearlite interlamellar spacing of the steel were analyzed by means of OM and SEM. The results show that when the deformation temperature is kept constant (850 ℃ or 900 ℃), the pearlite interlamellar spacing decreases with the increase of deformation amount, which can be refined in the range of 50-80 nm for all the specimens. For the stepped cooling, when the first cooling rate V1=5 ℃/s, the second cooling rate V2=2 ℃/s, and holding 3 min at 650 ℃ during the first stepped cooling, the pearlite lamella of the steel is straight and the interlamellar spacing can reach 74.8 nm.
    Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Be/Cu-Zn laminated composite after solution and aging treatment
    Tang Yanchuan, Xu Juwen, Zhang Xinlei, Cui Zeyun, Wang Wenhui
    2020, 45(11):  43-48.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.009
    Abstract ( 66 )   PDF (587KB) ( 23 )  
    Cu-Be/Cu-Zn laminated composites were prepared by vacuum hot pressing, cold rolling and subsequent heat treatment. The phase and microstructure of the composite under different heat treatment conditions were investigated by means of XRD, OM, SEM and EDS. The mechanical properties of the composite were tested and analyzed. The results show that the main phases of the Cu-Be/Cu-Zn laminated composite under the solid solution state and aging state are Cu0.7Zn0.3 phase and Cu phase, and there is a little CuBe phase in the laminated composite under the aging state. The grain size of the laminated composite under both heat treatment conditions presents the bimodal distribution and the grain size of the Cu-Zn layers is about three times of that of the Cu-Be layers. After the same solid solution and aging treatment, the ultimate tensile strength of the Cu-Be/Cu-Zn laminated composite is 857 MPa, which is lower than that of the Cu-Be alloy by 23.0%. However, the uniform elongation of the laminated composite reaches 15.3%, which is 4.7 times higher than that of the Cu-Be alloy. According to KME model, the dislocation dynamic recovery rate of the Cu-Be/Cu-Zn laminated composite is much lower than that of the Cu-Be alloy during plastic deformation, resulting in a significant improvement of the strain hardening capacity of the material, which is the main reason for the high strength and ductility of the Cu-Be/Cu-Zn laminated composite.
    High temperature oxidation behavior of 300M steel
    Xia Weijun, Zhao Qingqing, Yuan Wuhua, Zhang Haicheng
    2020, 45(11):  49-55.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.010
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (590KB) ( 26 )  
    Oxidation behavior of the 300M steel at high temperature between 700-1200 ℃ was investigated. Surface morphologies of oxide layer and the oxide structure were investigated by means of SEM and XRD. Combined with the analysis of oxidation kinetics curves, the oxidation mechanism of the 300M steel between 700-1200 ℃ was analyzed. The results show that the 300M steel presents parabolic law in the temperature range of 700-1200 ℃. At high temperature, the oxide scale of the 300M steel has a typical three-layer structure, which is the outer layer, the middle layer, and the inner layer, and the inner layer is divided into porous layer and loose layer. When the oxidation temperature is 1200 ℃, the alloying elements Si and Cr in the FeO layer grains rapidly aggregate and form coarse oxides, at this time, the FeO layer completely loses its antioxidant effect, and the oxidation rate accelerates sharply.
    PROCESS RESEARCH
    Effect of different isothermal temperatures on microstructure and wear resistance of pearlitic wheel steel for high-speed railway
    Lou Dianchuan, Zhao Aimin, Pei Wei, Liu Hanze
    2020, 45(11):  56-61.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.011
    Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (588KB) ( 26 )  
    Effect of different isothermal temperatures on the microstructure and wear resistance of a pearlitic wheel steel for high-speed railway was studied, and the microstructure and wear morphologies were observed by laser confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results show that the pearlite microstructure is obtained by heat treatment within the pearlite transition temperature range. As the isothermal temperature increases, the interlamellar spacing of pearlite increases, the pearlite colony size decreases, and the microhardness of the tested steel decreases, while the wear loss of the pearlitic steel increases. And after grinding by sandpaper with large SiC particles, the wear loss of the pearlitic steel also increases. The worn surface of the pearlitic steel shows ploughing of varying depth with a series of spalling pits and tiny micro-cracks on it, and the ploughing depth increases with the increase of isothermal temperature. It is proved that the smaller the lamellar spacing of pearlite is, the better the wear resistance of the tested steel is.
    Effects of tempering temperature after cryogenic treatment on microstructure and pitting resistance of 15Cr super martensite stainless steel
    He Xiao, Li Jun, Li Shaohong, Zhao Kunyu, Liang Jianxiong, Su Jie
    2020, 45(11):  62-67.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.012
    Abstract ( 76 )   PDF (587KB) ( 29 )  
    Microstructure evolution and second phase carbides of 15Cr super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) treated by different heat treatment processes and their influence on the corrosion behavior were investigated by means of field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electrochemical comprehensive testing system. The results show that the microstructure of the tested steel are composed of martensite, austenite and M23C6 carbides after different heat treatment processes. With the increase of tempering temperature, the volume fraction of reversed austenite in the tested steel increases and reaches a maximum value of 41.41% at 650 ℃. The second phase carbides appear when the tempering temperature is higher than 600 ℃, besides, the quantity and the size of carbide after tempering at 650 ℃ are larger than that at 600 ℃.The pitting potential decreases with the increase of tempering temperature, the precipitation of carbides reduces the pitting potential of the stainless steel, promotes the formation of metastable pitting, and reduces the corrosion resistance of 15Cr stainless steel.
    Solution behavior of copper-containing super austenitic stainless steel
    Li Bingbing, Chen Haitao, Lang Yuping, Qu Huapeng, Feng Hanqiu, Tian Zhiling, Chen Qingming
    2020, 45(11):  68-72.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.013
    Abstract ( 70 )   PDF (595KB) ( 22 )  
    According to Thermo-Calc thermodynamic calculation software, the solution temperature of the copper-containing super austenitic stainless steel was drawn up between 1000-1200 ℃, and the holding time was 60 min. The influence of solution temperature on microstructure, precipitated phase and inclusion of the copper-containing super austenitic stainless steel was studied by means of metallography microscope, SEM and EDS. The results show that Cu can promote the recrystallization and precipitated phase's dissolution of the tested steel, and the precipitated phase is σ phase when solution treated at above 1000 ℃. The inclusions in the tested steel are mainly magnesium aluminum oxides and sulfides. It is determined that the best solution treatment temperature of the tested steel with trace Cu is 1200 ℃.
    Effect of normalizing temperature on microstructure and properties of USS122G ultra-high strength stainless steel
    Bai Ruoxin, Liu Zhenbao, Cao Jianchun, Yang Zhe
    2020, 45(11):  73-77.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.014
    Abstract ( 83 )   PDF (586KB) ( 23 )  
    Effect of normalizing temperature on the microstructure and hardness of USS122G ultra-high strength stainless steel was studied by means of optical microscope, electron scanning microscope, physicochemical phase analysis, etc. The results indicate that with the increase of normalizing temperature, the hardness and the secondary phase content decrease, while the retained austenite content and the prior austenite grain size increase. By comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the normalizing temperature with the type, mass fraction, hardness and grain size of the secondary phase in the steel, it is concluded that the optimum normalizing temperature of the tested steel is 1020 ℃.
    Isothermal normalizing process of 18CrNiMo7-6 gear steel directly after warm forging
    Wang Huizhen, Zhai Yuewen, Zhou Leyu
    2020, 45(11):  78-82.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.015
    Abstract ( 67 )   PDF (590KB) ( 35 )  
    Isothermal normalizing of 18CrNiMo7-6 gear steel directly after warm forging was studied. The results show that the cooling rate, isothermal temperature and isothermal time are the key process parameters in the isothermal normalizing process utilizing residual warm forging heat. Lower cooling rate and higher isothermal temperature can effectively improve pearlite transformation in limited isothermal time, reduce the content of retained austenite and non-equilibrium microstructure such as martensite and bainite at room temperature, and therefore obtain ideal microstructure and properties. The hardness of 163-164 HBS, ferrite grain size of grade 10-11.5 and banded structure of grade 1.5 can be obtained by the process of cooling rate of 0.1 ℃/s and 1 ℃/s and isothermal temperature of 650 ℃ for 1 h. The microstructure and properties can meet the technical requirements, meanwhile it has good machinability and provides ideal microstructure for subsequent heat treatment process.
    Effect of heat treatment processes on microstructure and properties of die-cast Al-Si-Mg alloy containing Er
    Song Yao, Huang Hui, Wen Shengping, Wei Wu, Wang Guojun, Han Ying, Lu Liying
    2020, 45(11):  83-88.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.016
    Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (592KB) ( 26 )  
    Effects of different solid solution treatments and aging processes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of die-cast Al-Si-Mg alloy containing Er were studied by using tensile test, optical metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy spectrum (EDS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analyses and quantitative statistics. The results show that the two-stage solid solution treatment is beneficial for the primary phase to dissolve back into the matrix and improve the plasticity of the alloy. The increase of solution treatment temperature and time can increase the number of solute atoms and primary phases dissolved in the matrix. In the alloy, the main strengthening phases during peak aging are β″ and β′, and the β′ phase mainly exhibits strip shape and T-shape. When the heat treatment process is (280 ℃×3 h+530 ℃×3 h) solid solution treatment +170 ℃×3 h aging, the alloy has the elongation of 8.5% and shows high plasticity. When the heat treatment process is (280 ℃×3 h+540 ℃×10 h) solid solution treatment +170 ℃×10 h aging, the alloy has high strengths of which the tensile strength is 344 MPa and the yield strength is 312 MPa.
    Effect of voltage on inhibition of hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of 7050 aluminum alloy by micro arc oxidation film
    Cai Siwei, Hua Tianshun, Zong Yu, Wang Chao, Song Renguo
    2020, 45(11):  89-93.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.017
    Abstract ( 56 )   PDF (586KB) ( 24 )  
    In order to further explore the relationship between micro arc oxidation film and hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity, the slow strain rate tensile testing in humid air, tensile fracture morphology analysis, micro arc oxidation surface morphology analysis, hydrogen concentration test and other characterization methods were used to verify the mechanisms of micro-arc oxidation film inhibiting hydrogen embrittlement of 7050 aluminum alloy in humid air. The results show that the micro arc oxidation films under different voltages have different effects on inhibiting hydrogen embrittlement of the alloy. The mechanisms of the inhibition of hydrogen embrittlement by the film are mainly attributed to the repression of hydrogen permeation and the additional film-induced compressive stress.
    Effect of diffusion time on diffusion behavior of tungsten in TiAl alloy
    Huang Qingyi, Yi Yuan
    2020, 45(11):  94-98.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.018
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (594KB) ( 21 )  
    Effect of holding time on diffusion behavior of tungsten in TiAl alloy under 1250 ℃ was studied by means of OM, SEM, and hardness test. The results show that, the interface between specimens have good combination after diffusion at 1250 ℃ for different time, which shows obvious metallurgical bonding. And the thickness of diffusion layers increases with increasing time, thus the thickness of diffusion layer after diffusion for 4 h is about 15 μm, and that for 24 h is about 45 μm. In addition, the defects such as cracks and pore at the interface can be inhibited by prolonging diffusion time (24 h). The replacement and vacancy diffusion are the main diffusion mechanisms of tungsten in the TiAl alloy, and the W and Ti atoms have some difference on atomic radius and coefficient of thermal expansion, which makes the lattice distort and furtherly prohibits the diffusion of W element. The results of hardness test show that, after diffusion of tungsten in the TiAl alloy, the hardness of TiAl alloy is reinforced, and the value increases with the increase of W contont.
    Effect of final rolling temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of S35VN steel
    Yang Bo, Cao Rui, Yan Yingjie, Liang Chen, Che Hongyan, Qin Wei, Wang Tiejun
    2020, 45(11):  99-104.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.019
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (586KB) ( 23 )  
    S35VN high carbon martensitic stainless steel prepared by powder metallurgy method is widely used as tool materials, and the type of its matrix microstructure and the carbides distributed in the matrix directly affect the comprehensive properties of the steel. The changes of microstructure and mechanical properties of the S35VN steel under different final rolling temperatures during hot rolling were studied by thermal dilatometer, Vickers hardness tester, X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that at the final rolling temperature of 850 ℃, the microstructure is fine carbides dispersed in the ferrite matrix, and the material has good comprehensive mechanical properties, with the tensile strength and the elongation being 1003.5 MPa and 2.78%, respectively. With the increase of the final rolling temperature, the matrix structure of the material changes from ferrite to martensite, and the carbides become larger in size and less in quantity, and the strength of the material increases significantly but the plasticity deteriorates. When the final rolling temperature is further raised to 950 ℃, the material strength is further improved but the plasticity is poor.
    Effect of cold rolling and annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of FeMnCoCrAl high entropy alloy
    Li Hang, Li Jie, Chu Yanpeng, Jia Zhixuan, Feng Yunli
    2020, 45(11):  105-114.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.020
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (584KB) ( 18 )  
    (Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10) 94Al6 high entropy alloy was prepared in vacuum electric arc melting, and cold rolled then annealed at different temperatures to obtain layered structure composed of multi-size recrystallized grains, then the tensile properties of the annealed specimens were tested. The microstructure of the specimens was characterized by means of SEM and EBSD, and the phase composition was studied by using X-ray diffraction. The results show that the phase composition of the alloy at as-cast and cold rolled states does not change, and preferable layered microstructure composed of different size grains is obtained by annealing at 700 ℃, with the yield strength of 487 MPa, the tensile strength of 708 MPa, and the elongation after fracture of 39%, showing favorable comprehensive mechanical properties.
    Isothermal phase transformation behavior analysis and kinetic model establishment for 20CrMnTi steel
    Qiao Jingqian, Feng Wei
    2020, 45(11):  115-120.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.021
    Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (580KB) ( 31 )  
    Isothermal dilatation tests of the 20CrMnTi steel at different temperatures and holding time were carried out through Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator, and the phase transformation thermal dilatation curves were obtained. Isothermal phase transformation behavior of the 20CrMnTi steel was analyzed by metallographic microscope, and the isothermal phase transformation curve (TTT curve) of the steel was drawn. Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation and Koistinen-Marburger (KM) equation were introduced to establish the diffusion-type and non-diffusion-type phase transformation kinetic models respectively. The results show that the TTT curve of the 20CrMnTi steel is of “double C” shaped and the nose temperatures are 630 ℃ and 530 ℃, respectively. At 730-580 ℃, the austenite transforms into pearlite+ferrite and the isothermal transformation rate first accelerates and then slows down with the decrease of temperature. The austenite transforms into bainite when the steel is held at 580-430 ℃ and the isothermal transformation rate also first accelerates and then slows down with the decrease of temperature. The austenite transforms into martensite below 430 ℃ and the volume fraction of the martensite increases rapidly at first and then slows down with the decrease of temperature. The calculated results of established kinetic model of the 20CrMnTi steel are in good agreement with the experimental results.
    Effect of partitioning time in intercritical region on microstructure and mechanical properties of IQ&P steel
    Chang Xue, Zheng Xiaoping, Su Xue, Tian Yaqiang, Chen Liansheng
    2020, 45(11):  121-125.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.022
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (585KB) ( 18 )  
    Taking a Cu-bearing low carbon steel as the research object, the effects of partitioning time in intercritical region on the microstructure evolution, elements partition and the mechanical properties after IQ&P treatment were studied by means of SEM, EPMA and tensile experiment. The kinetics calculation for elements partitioning was carried out by Dictra software. The results show that the block-shaped martensite in the tested steel forms in the initial ferrite region after IQ treatment, and the amount of granular martensite and the distance between lath martensite decrease with the increase of partitioning time in intercritical region. The measuring results show that the relative partition rate of C, Mn and Cu is consistent with the calculated results, but the actual partition rate for these elements is lower than the calculated results. With the increase of partitioning time in intercritical region, the tensile strength of the tested steel after IQ&P treatment first increases and then decreases, while the elongation continues to decrease. When the partitioning time is 600 s, a good comprehensive mechanical property is obtained, and the product of strength and elongation reaches 16 963.24 MPa·%.
    Effect of cold rolling on M/B duplex microstructure and mechanical properties of M50 steel
    He Yuangeng, Liu Yujian, Xia Yunzhi, Qian Dongsheng, Wang Feng
    2020, 45(11):  126-131.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.023
    Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (580KB) ( 18 )  
    Effect of cold rolling on the M/B duplex microstructure and mechanical properties of M50 steel was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, uniaxial tensile and Charpy impact tests. The results show that an excellent combination of ultimate tensile strength (2535.7 MPa) and impact property (96.93 J) is achieved by combining 20% cold rolling with austempering, of which the ultimate tensile strength increases by about 5% whereas the impact absorbed energy increases by about 21% compared with the specimen which is not cold rolled. The microstructure observation indicates that with the increase of cold rolling deformation (<20%), the microstructure becomes finer and the specimen with 20% cold rolling deformation shows the finest microstructure. However, when a higher cold rolling deformation (>20%) is applied, the amount of bainite sheaves decreases, which weakens the refinement of martensite and leads to some coarsening of microstructure.
    Effect of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled Al0.2CoCrFe2Ni high entropy alloy
    Wang Wenwen, Tian Quanwei, Wang Yinong
    2020, 45(11):  132-137.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.024
    Abstract ( 56 )   PDF (584KB) ( 22 )  
    Effect of annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al0.2CoCrFe2Ni high entropy alloy with 80% cold rolling was studied. The crystal structure, texture type, and mechanical properties of the alloy were characterized by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), electron backscatter diffractometer (EBSD), and microelectronic testing machine, respectively. The results show that the alloy exhibits a stable FCC crystal structure at the as-cast, as-rolled and as-annealed states. The alloy has a typical dendritic structure at the as-cast state. After 80% rolling, significant rolling deformation bands appear, and recrystallization occurs in the subsequent annealing process. The volume fraction and grain size of recrystallized grains increase with the increase of annealing temperature. The alloy mainly exhibits (111) <112> texture after 80% rolling, and its texture intensity decreases with the increase of annealing temperature. The Al0.2CoCrFe2Ni high entropy alloy obtains greater tensile strength (1005 MPa) and lower plasticity (10%) after 80% rolling. As the annealing temperature increases, the strength of the alloy decreases and the plasticity increases, and the best comprehensive mechanical properties are obtained when annealed at 700 ℃, which mainly depends on the changes of dislocation density, recrystallization volume fraction and grain size, and the evolution of the recrystallization texture in the alloy.
    Research on quenching grain control and tensile properties of 22MnB5 steel
    Li Suyun, Pei Yiding, Li Qi, Xu Peiyao, Gong Xiumian, Min Yong'an
    2020, 45(11):  138-143.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.025
    Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (584KB) ( 20 )  
    To improve the strength and plasticity of the hot stamping steel, the 22MnB5 steel was heated at 830-920 ℃ by a DIL805A thermal dilatometer and held for 2-20 min, and then quenched after austenitizing. The prior austenite grains were observed by optical microscope. According to the characteristics of grain growth, the tensile properties of the 22MnB5 steel plate were tested by uniaxial tensile test after quenching and tempering. The results show that uniformly fine austenite grains can be obtained by austenitizing at 830-890 ℃ and within 10 min of effective holding for the 22MnB5 steel. While when the effective holding time is extended to 20 min, the mixed grain microstructure begins to appear when austenitized at 860 ℃. Compared with the traditional hot stamping process, the strength and plasticity of 22MnB5 steel is significantly improved by controlling the quenching grains, and the product of strength and elongation increases from 9.0-11.0 GPa·% to 13.0-14.5 GPa·%.
    Effect of annealing on microstructure and properties of cold drawn high carbon steel wire
    He Meng, Bao Siqian, Zhao Gang, Zhang Fan, Qu Xi, Huang Fangyu
    2020, 45(11):  144-147.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.026
    Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (583KB) ( 26 )  
    In order to investigate the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of cold drawn steel wire during annealing, annealing experiments were performed on the steel wire at different temperatures. The microstructure and dislocation density of the cross section of the steel wire before and after annealing were observed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the tensile properties and microhardness experiments were performed. The results show that under the condition of constant annealing temperature, the tensile strength of the steel wire increases first and then decreases on the whole with the increase of annealing time, while the elongation decreases first and then increases with the increase of annealing time. When the annealing time is 30 min, the higher the annealing temperature, the lower the tensile strength of the steel wire is. With the observation of microstructure, it is found that with the increase of annealing time, the spheroidization of cementite in the steel wire becomes more remarkable, and the dislocation density decreases.
    Influence of rolling ways on microstructure of N36 zirconium alloy strip
    Jia Yuzhen, Qiu Jun, Yang Zhongbo
    2020, 45(11):  148-153.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.027
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (581KB) ( 15 )  
    The second phase, grain size, and micro-texture of N36 zirconium alloy strips processed through different rolling ways were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the textures of N36 alloy strip are mainly consist of {0001}$\bar{1}2\bar{1}0$ and {0001}$01\bar{1}0$ basal texture, and the second phase is mainly HCP type Zr(Nb, Fe)2 particles. With the same total hot deformation, the deformation rate changes of each hot rolling pass have a little effect on the grain size and texture of the final strip but play an important role in the size of second phase particles(SPPs). With the larger deformation rate of the first hot rolling pass, the size of SPPs in final strip are smaller. During the hot rolling, the texture composition of final strips is affected by using cross rolling process, and also the [0001] axis of Zr lattice is more inclined to parallel to the normal direction (ND) of the strips. Meanwhile the grain is more scattering rotated on the RD-TD plane. In addition, during the final rolling of final strips, a larger deformation leads to a smaller grain size and a higher degree of recrystallization, which strengthens the {0001}$\bar{1}2\bar{1}0$ texture, and weakens the {0001}$01\bar{1}0$ texture.
    Continuous annealing simulation test of hot dip galvanized structural S550GD+Z steel strip
    Kang Huawei
    2020, 45(11):  154-156.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.028
    Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (591KB) ( 42 )  
    Through the study of continuous annealing process of hot dip galvanized structural steel strip S550GD+Z without adding precious metal, the influence of different annealing soaking temperatures and holding time on the microstructure and properties was studied. The results show that when the annealing soaking temperature is 605 ℃ and the holding time is 105-132 s, the yield strength and tensile strength of the specimen can reach or being more than 570 MPa and 600 MPa respectively, and the elongation can reach or being more than 10%, which can meet the standard requirements for mechanical properties of the S550GD+Z steel strip.
    Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of high nitrogen stainless bearing steel
    Shi Chengpeng, Liu Ping, Zhang Ke, Li Wei, Yang Qi, Hao Qingguo
    2020, 45(11):  157-162.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.029
    Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (580KB) ( 28 )  
    Annealed high nitrogen stainless bearing steel was subjected to high pressure gas quenching and cryogenic treatment and then tempered at different temperatures and air cooled. The effect of different tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the high nitrogen stainless bearing steel was studied by means of optical microscope, X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Rockwell hardness tester and universal material testing machine. The results show that with the tempering temperature increasing from 180 ℃ to 550 ℃, the hardness, tensile strength and yield strength display a trend of increasing after the first falling and then rapidly decreasing. There are no coarse eutectic carbides observed in the structure due to reducing carbon content and increasing nitrogen content in the composition of the tested steel. When the tempering temperature is 500 ℃, the matrix structure is tempered sorbite, and the carbides M23C6 and nitride Cr2N are dispersed uniformly and finely. The secondary hardening occurs at 500 ℃, and the strength and hardness reach the peak state, which is related to the strengthening of carbonitride dispersion. Good comprehensive mechanical properties can be obtained by 1050 ℃ high pressure gas quenching for 60 min+cryogenic treatment (-100 ℃×2 h)+500 ℃×2 h air cooling tempering.
    Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of high-strength armor steel
    Chen Jianhua, Lan Xiuqiong
    2020, 45(11):  163-166.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.030
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (583KB) ( 24 )  
    Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of quenched and tempered PRO500 high-strength armor steel was studied by means of optical microscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the quenched microstructure at 870 ℃ is lath martensite. With the tempering temperature increasing, martensite is decomposed gradually, and the fine carbide particles are precipitated and accumulated, the overall hardness decreases gradually. Simultaneously the minimum hardness is 274 HV10 when tempered at 600 ℃. When tempered at 400 ℃, the excellent comprehensive mechanical properties are obtained with the hardness of 389 HV10, and the tensile strength, the proof strength (plastic extension) and the elongation reach 1710 MPa, 1460 MPa and 11.0%, respectively.
    Effect of different preparation processes on microstructure and properties of forged high-speed steel roll
    Chen Wei, Hou Xinghui, Xu Kun
    2020, 45(11):  167-170.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.031
    Abstract ( 42 )   PDF (582KB) ( 18 )  
    Microstructure and properties of the forged high-speed steel roll produced by electroslag remelting, spray forming and powder metallurgy were investigated by means of metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, Rockwell hardness tester and wear tester. The results show that there are obvious eutectic carbide network with large size and uneven distribution along the forging direction of the forged high-speed steel roll produced by electroslag remelting, which leads to the worst wear resistance. The carbide morphology of forged high-speed steel roll produced by spray forming is obviously improved, but the carbide segregation in local area is serious, the carbide size is large and mainly M6C type, but its wear resistance is obviously improved compared with electroslag remelting process. Using the powder metallurgy technique, the microstructure and grain size of the forged high-speed steel roll are fine, the carbide is fine and evenly distributed and the MC type has the higher percentage, which leads to the highest wear resistance. Based on the analysis of the microstructure and properties, and also the maturity, economy and manufacturing capability of the three preparation processes at present, the spray forming process could be further studied in the future and enlarge the application in the forged high-speed steel roll with larger size.
    Influence of solution treatment temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy prepared by 3D printing
    Lu Yuanyuan, Zhang Yi, Guo Shuai, Liu Weifeng
    2020, 45(11):  171-176.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.032
    Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (584KB) ( 33 )  
    Microstructure and mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy prepared by 3D printing after solution at different temperature and then aging at 490 ℃ were studied through microstructure observation and mechanical property test. The results indicate that the microstructure of the original 3D printed deposition sate is non-uniform basket-weave structure. After solution and aging treatment, with the increase of solution temperature, the α phase first grows in the form of flakes near the complete original grain boundary, and then gradually transforms into a coarse lath shape, and the strength gradually increases while the plasticity decreases, reaching the maximum value of 1100 MPa when solution temperature is 920 ℃. As the solution temperature further increases and exceeds 960 ℃, the α phase is gradually dissolved, which leads to the decrease of the strength and the plasticity. The macro morphologies of the tensile fracture under different solution temperature are all dark gray. According to a large number of dimples observed in the micro morphologies of those fracture, the tensile fracture mechanism of the TC4 titanium alloy can be judged as ductile fracture when solution treated at 890-960 ℃ and aged at 490 ℃. Combining the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of the TC4 titanium alloy after different solution and aging treatments, it can be concluded that the TC4 titanium alloy prepared by 3D printing has better comprehensive mechanical properties when solution treated at 920 ℃ and then aged at 490 ℃.
    Effect of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure of K439B superalloy
    Zhang Mingjun, Zhang Leilei, Hu Yingtao, Tang Xin, Yang Qing
    2020, 45(11):  177-181.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.033
    Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (584KB) ( 21 )  
    K439B superalloy was hot isostatic pressed (HIP) under 1165 ℃/150 MPa for 4 h, then the microstructure of as-cast and hot isostatic pressed K439B alloy was investigated comparatively by using OM and SEM. The results show that the as-cast K439B alloy has microporosity of 0.25%, which is reduced down to only 0.013% after HIP. Compared with the as-cast microstructure, after HIP both the content and the size of γ/γ′ eutectic decrease, and all the elements are distributed more evenly, with their solidification segregation coefficients being closer to 1. The size and volume fraction of γ′ precipitates in the dendritic arms of as-cast K439B alloy are 116.9 nm and 17.8% respectively, and that in interdendritic region are 244.4 nm and 24.9%. After HIP, the size and volume fraction of γ′ precipitates in the dendritic arms are 148.0 nm and 17.5% respectively, and that in the interdendritic region are 159.1 nm and 22.8%. The hot isostatic pressing makes that the size, volume fraction and morphology of γ′ precipitates in the dendritic arms in the alloy and that in the interdendritic region become more similar to each other, and the γ′ precipitates distribute more uniformly.
    Heat treatment optimization of 07MnNiMoDR steel for low temperature vessel
    Jiang Zaiwei, Wu Junping, Zhang Yijie, Ning Bo, Li Zhichao
    2020, 45(11):  182-186.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.034
    Abstract ( 60 )   PDF (589KB) ( 28 )  
    The phase transformation temperature of 07MnNiMoDR steel was measured by means of thermal dilatometer. The optimization process of sub-temperature quenching and tempering and the controlled rolling and cooling were used to conduct heat treatment experiments on the tested steel, thus the influences of different heat treatment processes on microstructure, texture and impact properties of the tested steel were analyzed. The results show that the phase transformation temperature of the tested steel is Ac1=686.6 ℃, Ac3=886.4 ℃. By using the process of sub-critical quenching and tempering, the impact absorbed energy of the tested steel with the thickness of 1/4 and 1/2 can be both increased to above 200 J at -50 ℃, and both the microstructure and the randomization of texture contribute to the increase of the impact absorbed energy. After the controlled rolling and cooling, the specimens retain a lot of deformation and phase transition textures, such as {332}<113>, {554}<225>, {223}<110>, etc. Most of the textures are formed in the rolling process of the γ phase non-recrystallized region and the γ/α two-phase region. After heat treatment by the sub-critical quenching and tempering, the strong textures of the α-orientation line and γ-orientation line are weakened, and the texture orientation becomes randomly distributed, thus the preferred crystallographic orientation is not evident.
    Tempered microstructure and properties of on-line quenched micro alloyed high strength steel
    Xu Wenfang, Zhang Pengyan, Yang Peng
    2020, 45(11):  187-191.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.035
    Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (579KB) ( 19 )  
    To investigate the effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the tested steel, the process of tempering at 400-600 ℃ for 40 min for micro alloyed high strength steel was carried out. The microstructure was analyzed by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. At the same time, the strength, hardness and impact absorbed energy at -40 ℃ after tempering were measured to analyze the mechanical properties. The results show that with the increase of tempering temperature, the strength and hardness of the tested steel are reduced on the whole, and the impact absorbed energy shows a mainly increasing tendency. But the tempering brittleness appears at 450-500 ℃. The martensite in the tested steel gradually broadens and decreases with the increase of tempering temperature, and the ferrite content increases. When tempered at 450 ℃, the microstructure of the tested steel is troostite, the yield strength and hardness of the tested steel are 840 MPa and 304 HV3, the elongation after fracture is 14.4%, and the impact absorbed energy at -40 ℃ is 129 J, which indicates good comprehensive mechanical properties.
    Simulation on heat treatment distortion and control for A-100 steel complex connector
    Zhang Zengguang, Liu Gang, Jiao Qingyang, Kang Chong
    2020, 45(11):  192-196.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.036
    Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (583KB) ( 20 )  
    Finite element model of A-100 steel complex connector was established to simulate the temperature field and quenching distortion in the absence of rigid constraints during the quenching process by using SYSWELD software, and the simulation results were verified by experiments. The temperature field results show that when cooling for 0.13 s, the temperature is evenly distributed and the surface temperature of the parts is around 820 ℃; while when cooling for 5-60 s, the temperature distribution on the surface of the part is extremely uneven, the temperature at the corners of the head cavity of the part is relatively low, and the temperature at the connection between the arm and the wing surface at the bottom is relatively high. When the cooling time is extended to about 160 s, the overall temperature of the parts has dropped to below 60 ℃. The distortion results show that when the cooling time is 0.5-10 s, the wing surface far away from the reinforcing rib produces quenching distortion and the distortion at the top edges and corners reaches 3 mm. When cooling for 600 s, the maximum distortion decreases to 0.65 mm. According to the distortion simulation results, a special quenching tool is designed, and the distortion correction rate can reach about 70%.
    Tempering characteristics of G20CrNi2MoA steel and its application in needle valve body for diesel engine
    Yang Huan, Ran Qiyan, Fan Xijie, Yang Jing, Liu Yue, Shang Rongkai
    2020, 45(11):  197-200.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.037
    Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (581KB) ( 18 )  
    Tempering characteristics of carburized needle valve body for diesel engine made of G20CrNi2MoA carburizing bearing steel was studied. The chemical composition, mechanical properties and microstructure were tested in detail. The preferable heat treatment process was optimized. The needle valve body specimens were tempered at different temperatures between 180 ℃ and 250 ℃. The microstructure of the pyramidal face and core was analyzed by metallographic microscope, the residual austenite content of the end surface was detected by XRD, and the hardness of the pyramidal face and core was analyzed by means of microhardness tester. The results show that the pyramidal face hardness of G20CrNi2MoA needle nozzle can reach 740 HV(61.8 HRC) when tempered at 230 ℃, and the volume fraction of residual austenite in end surface is 0.25%, it can ensure the needle nozzle has a good wear resistance and stability of structure and size at the operating temperature of 230 ℃. The needle nozzle has a long service life and can meet the requirements of the diesel engine.
    Effect of tempering temperature on microstructure and properties of high strength carbide-free bainitic steel seamless pipe
    Cheng Yefeng, Cheng Juqiang, Feng Yiting
    2020, 45(11):  201-204.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.038
    Abstract ( 61 )   PDF (657KB) ( 24 )  
    Effect of tempering temperature after normalizing on the microstructure and properties of carbide-free bainitic steel seamless pipe was studied. The results show that when normalized at 930 ℃ and then tempered at below 600 ℃, the tensile strength of the tested material tends to decrease with the increase of tempering temperature and changes within the range of 973 MPa to 1012 MPa. When tempered at 300 ℃, the impact absorbed energy of the tested material is the maximum, as 72 J. When tempered at 400 ℃, the impact absorbed energy is the lowest, and the tempering brittleness of carbide-free bainitic steel appears. When tempered at above 400 ℃, the impact absorbed energy of the tested material increases. The elongation and the reduction of area reach the maximum when tempered at 300-350 ℃. When the tempering temperature is below 400 ℃, the microstructure of the tested material consists of carbide-free bainite, bulk ferrite and austenite. When the tempering temperature is over 400 ℃, the microstructure becomes granular bainite and bulk ferrite. Carbide-free bainitic steel seamless pipe has the better comprehensive mechanical properties when normalized at 930 ℃ and then tempered at 300 ℃.
    Forming process and microstructure and properties of selective laser melted GH3536 superalloy
    Ji Xia, Chu Ruikun, Chen Zhiru, Wang Chengjie, Gao Hua
    2020, 45(11):  205-209.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.039
    Abstract ( 61 )   PDF (577KB) ( 28 )  
    Forming process and microstructure and high temperature tensile properties of selective laser melted GH3536 superalloy under different cooling methods and heat treatments were investigated. The results show that the porosity of the alloy decreases first and then increases on the whole with the increase of laser power. The porosity increases with the increase of scanning speed under the lower laser power, while the porosity first decreases and then increases with the increase of scanning speed under the higher laser power. The density of the alloy is over 99.8% when the scanning distance is 0.11 mm. The optimized forming process is laser power of 285 W, scanning speed of 960 mm/s and scanning distance of 0.11 mm. The slower is the cooling rate after heating at 1175 ℃ for 1 h, the higher is the high temperature elongation of the alloy after the heat treatment. During furnace cooling, the continuous carbide precipitates at the grain boundary, which increases the grain boundary strength and the high temperature plasticity. Solution treated at 1200 ℃ after hot-isostatic pressing, the grain size of the alloy is uniform, and the coarse and discontinuous carbides at the prior grain boundary become continuous and uniform, which makes the high temperature elongation in both transverse and longitudinal directions reach more than 36%.
    Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of SM570 steel for forklift beam
    Xiao Jieliang, Huang Cheng, Ma Xianyin
    2020, 45(11):  210-213.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.040
    Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (578KB) ( 19 )  
    Effect of heat treatments (normalizing, quenching and tempering) on the mechanical properties of SM570 steel for forklift beam was experimental studied contrastively. The results show that the beam with effective thickness of 40 mm can fully meet the requirements of mechanical properties only after 900 ℃×3 h water quenching and 550 ℃×4 h tempering. The tensile strength and yield strength of the specimens after normalizing are both low, especially the yield strength is much lower than the requirement. If the SM570 steel for forklift beam is to be delivered at the normalized state and both yield strength and yield ratio are to be improved, fine grain strengthening must be carried out by microalloying in addition to the solid solution strengthening by Si and Mn.
    Effect of laser power on microstructure and friction and wear properties of laser clad layer on 42CrMo steel
    Han Jitai, Wu Meiping, Cui Chen
    2020, 45(11):  214-217.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.041
    Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (574KB) ( 47 )  
    The wear resistance of the laser clad layer of 42CrMo steel under different laser powers was investigated by using friction and wear test, and the morphologies of the specimens before and after friction and wear were observed by using SEM and OM. The results show that the friction coefficient of 42CrMo steel substrate is larger, and severe brittle peeling is occurred after friction and wear, while the laser clad layer can improve the wear resistance of 42CrMo steel. When the laser power is 1600 W, the friction coefficient can be reduced to 0.28, and the clad layer has relatively smooth SEM surface morphologies with excellent wear resistance. Meanwhile, the clad layer microstructure is dense and mainly composed of uniform fine equiaxed grains caused by grain refinement, thereby improving the wear resistance of the clad layer.
    Effect of solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of 06Cr19Ni9NbN steel
    Zhu Xuetong, Dang Shu'e, Jiao Yongxing, Huo Xiongbo
    2020, 45(11):  218-221.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.042
    Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (576KB) ( 23 )  
    Plane strain compression with the deformation of 30% of the 06Cr19Ni9NbN steel was carried out at the deformation temperature of 1100 ℃, the microstructure was observed, and the mechanical properties were tested. After compression, the solution treatment of the specimen was conducted at 1050 ℃ for 2 h. Meanwhile, the change of microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated. The results show that the greater the deformation of the area in the specimen is, the higher the degree of dynamic recrystallization is, the smaller the grain size is and the more uniform the microstructure is. After solution treatment, the small recrystallized grains gradually grow up and the microstructure becomes more uniform, and the grain size tends to be gradually stable after increasing to 100 μm. The solution treatment has little effect on the elongation of the steel, but the yield strength of the steel after solution treatment decreases about 20 MPa.
    SURFACE ENGINEERING
    Microstructure and friction properties of AlTiCrN coating prepared by magnetron sputtering on surface of YT30 tool
    Tan Daqing, Hu Shaohua, Wan Yuan, Tan Wei
    2020, 45(11):  222-225.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.043
    Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (577KB) ( 17 )  
    In order to improve the tool performance and optimize magnetron sputtering parameters, the preparation process optimization of the AlTiCrN coating was studied, the microstructure and binding force between the coating and substrate were analyzed, and the coating wear resistance under different loading conditions was compared. The results show that the deposition time of 120 min and deposition power of 200 W are the optimal magnetron sputtering parameters. The phase composition of AlTiCrN coating consists of AlTiCrN, Al and CrN. AlTiCrN(111) peaks show sharp diffraction peaks, and the coating reaches a high degree of crystallization. The coating is mainly composed of triangular cone structure and many fine grains are formed in the interstice. The upper layer of coating is mainly composed of columnar grains and the lower layer of coating is mainly composed of fibrous grains. Scratch tests on the AlTiCrN coating reveal a sudden change in friction at loads of 19 N and 32 N. The friction coefficient of YT30 tool coated by magnetron sputtering is lower than that of uncoated tools, indicating that AlTiCrN coating can significantly improve the wear resistance of the tools. When the loading load increases, the depth of tool grinding mark shows a more gentle transition. After increasing the load to 5 N, a large number of grinding particles are formed on both sides of the grinding mark, and the width of the grinding mark is significantly increased, no coating peeling occurs.
    Applicant of hydrogenated diamond like coating on plunger for marine diesel engine
    Wang Yongkun, Qin Hong, Yang Jing, Miao Xueqiang, Liu Hui'e, Chen Chao
    2020, 45(11):  226-231.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.044
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (578KB) ( 29 )  
    With Cr, WC and graphite as targets and Ar and C2H2 as working gases, hydrogenated diamond like coating with Cr and WC as transition layers was prepared on the plunger of marine diesel engine by composite technology of magnetron sputtering and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The results show that the crystal of the coating grows well, and continuous with high density, no stratification, cracking or peeling phenomenon can be observed. The coating is relatively smooth, which improves sharply the hardness, elastic modulus and decreases the friction coefficient under heavy diesel oil environment. After the bench test, relatively obvious parallel grooving wear marks appear on the surface of the plunger without coating, and the overall wear is more serious, while the wear marks on the surface of the plunger with coating are very narrow and shallow, which is less in quantity. It is proved that the wear resistance of the plunger surface after preparing diamond like coating is significantly improved.
    TEST AND ANALYSIS
    Transformation plasticity of martensite of 5CrNiMoV steel and effect of stress on its kinetics
    Peng Xu, Bu Hengyong, Li Mengnie, Zheng Shanju
    2020, 45(11):  232-238.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.045
    Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (584KB) ( 23 )  
    Axial expansion and contraction martensite transformation in 5CrNiMoV steel under uniaxial stresses lower than the yield strength of austenite were measured by means of DIL-805ADT dynamic dilatometer. Kinetic constants α and Ms in the Koistinen-Marburger equation for martensite transformations were simultaneously determined along with the transformation plasticity coefficient k in Greenwood-Johnson transformation mechanism from the dilation data. Transformation plasticity coefficient and the Greenwood-Johnson model and Leblond model calculation results were compared with the actual test values. The result is that the value of k fluctuates with the change of stress, but approaches a fixed value. The Leblond model is more in line with the test results by contrast. The Ms shows a slight upward trend with the increase of stress, and it shows that the effect of stress lower than or equal to 80 MPa on the Ms is not significant.The α under tensile stress is slightly higher than that under no stress, and α under compressive stress is slightly lower than that under no stress, indicating that tensile stress promotes transformation and compressive stress hinders transformation.
    Microstructure analysis and rolling contact fatigue surface hardening characteristics of high manganese steel used for railway crossing
    Yang Shuai
    2020, 45(11):  239-242.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.046
    Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (577KB) ( 17 )  
    Rolling contact fatigue characteristics of high manganese steel specimen for railway crossing were analyzed by means of metallographic microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results show that the maximum hardness of fatigue surface of the high manganese steel is 580-690 HV0.3, and the depth of hardening layer is 1-2 mm. The hardening mechanism is mainly twins, dislocation and stacking fault. Lacking of impact load is the major reason that why the hardening law is different from that under the actual service condition of high manganese steel railway crossing. At 100 ℃ and under the contact stress of 1800 MPa for 3.5×106 cycles, aging of high manganese steel occurs and the precipitated carbide is Fe0.6Mn5.4C2 with body center structure. The existence of contact stress reduces the temperature of carbide precipitation needed in high manganese steel, which indicates that the increase of additional mechanical energy can reduce the required thermal energy relatively.
    Creep rupture life of embrittled HR3C steel after service for 50 000 h
    Yang Xirui, Ju Guangyu, Song Li, Liu Wensheng, Deng Hui
    2020, 45(11):  243-247.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.047
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (579KB) ( 20 )  
    Microstructure and properties of the HR3C steel after service for 50 000 h were studied by means of room temperature and high temperature mechanical properties test, high temperature impact test, stress rupture test, metallographic structure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) analysis. The results show that after service for 50 000 h, the HR3C steel has obvious brittleness, the plasticity decreases greatly, while the room temperature strength and hardness are satisfied with the standard specification. Compared to room temperature, the toughness and plasticity of the embrittled HR3C steel at 665 ℃ are significantly resumed, and the high temperature strength also meets the standard requirements. A large number of second phases precipitate in the crystal or grain boundary, bulk M23C6 phase accumulated at the austenite grain boundary is the main cause of embrittlement, while the NbCrN phase in the crystal produces dispersion strengthening effect. The creep rupture strength of the HR3C steel at 665 ℃ is only 10% lower than the standard recommended value, and taking final-stage superheater tube as an example, the residual life of the steel is estimated to be still more than 100 000 h.
    A micro-cutting constitutive model based on grain boundary hardening effect
    Wang Minting, Shen Lixiong, Cao Mingfei, Zhao Lei, Li Zhe
    2020, 45(11):  248-254.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.048
    Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (575KB) ( 20 )  
    A micro-cutting constitutive model containing average grain size of the material was established by considering transgranular boundary cutting and cutting flutter at the fine grain level, and based on the Hall-Petch relation relating to the grain boundary hardening effect as well as the conventional metal cutting constitutive model. The coefficients of the model were corrected by simulation and cutting force experiments. The results show that the grain boundary strengthening effect is more obvious when the average grain size is 0.07-0.20 mm. When the average grain size exceeds 0.20 mm, the predicted trend of micro-cutting constitutive model for cutting force gradually approaches that of the conventional metal cutting constitutive model. And as the average grain size increases, the prediction difference between the conventional metal cutting constitutive model and the proposed micro-cutting constitutive model decreases gradually. Comparison of experimental data with theoretical data verifies the accuracy of the micro-cutting constitutive model.
    EQUIPMENT
    Design and operation of supervisory control system for CSMC heat treatment
    Li Tong, Wu Yu, Li Fangyi, Wang Weijun
    2020, 45(11):  255-259.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.11.049
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (577KB) ( 19 )  
    Superconducting properties of the Nb3Sn material only show up after heat treatment, and during the heat treatment process, the temperature of magnet, the gas pressure and the mass flow rate of gas should be monitored. So based on EPICS, a supervisory control system has been developed, and enterprise-level Web technology is applied to the system. After years of commissioning and operation, the CSMC heat treatment process of Nb3Sn outside and inside coil has been successfully performed.