Select

Simulation and calculation of heat treatment parameters and thermophysical properties of 16CrSiNi steel using JMatPro software

Ma Luyi, Du Qingyin, Li Shijian, Yang Lixin, Liu Gang, Wang Xinyu

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 42-46. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.007

Abstract （136）

PDF （2973KB）（96）

Thermodynamic equilibrium phase composition, Jominy hardenability, phase transition, thermophysical properties and mechanical properties after quenching and tempering of the 16CrSiNi steel were simulated by using JMatPro software, and the thermodynamic equilibrium phase compositions, hardenability curves, TTA curves, TTT curves, CCT curves, quenching microstructure, mechanical properties after quenching and tempering, thermophysical properties under different temperatures as density, thermal conductivity, Young's modules, specific heat, Poisson's ratio and enthalpy were obtained.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation of temperature uniformity of hub bearing inner ring during induction tempering process

Wei Wenting, Zhao Tianyi, Ke Jinzhe, Liu Qinglong

Heat Treatment of Metals 2023, 48 (5): 129-137. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2023.05.021

Abstract （113）

PDF （3417KB）（44）

Coupling calculation simulation model of electromagnetic field and temperature field was used to study the influence of induction heating process parameters on tempering temperature field of inner ring of the special-shaped automobile wheel hub bearing, and the interaction of the induction tempering process parameters was analyzed by using the response surface methodology. The results show that as the frequency and current density of the induction coil decrease, the temperature difference between the core and the surface of the bearing inner ring decreases, and the overall heating rate decreases. According to the significance of the influence on temperature difference and heating rate, the order of induction heating process parameters is current density, frequency, and air gap. Induction tempering process parameters with better temperature uniformity obtained based on response surface method are the frequency of 10 kHz, the current density of 19.6×10⁶ A/m², the air gap between the outer induction coil and the parts of 8.5 mm, and the effectiveness of temperature field numerical simulation is verified through experiments. With equivalent tempering parameters, isothermal tempering and induction tempering experiments find that the hardness obtained by the two processes is similar.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation of vacuum isothermal quenching process of H11 steel large module for die-casting dies

Tu Yujie, Li Bingchen, Chen Hao, Wu Xiaochun

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 1-8. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.001

Abstract （102）

PDF （5794KB）（126）

Based on the metal-thermo-mechanical coupled theory, multi-field coupled numerical models of the H11 steel large module (500 mm×500 mm×500 mm) during vacuum isothermal quenching was established, and the numerical simulation of different vacuum isothermal quenching processes was carried out to study the evolution of the temperature field, structure field and stress field. The results show that compared with direct quenching, isothermal quenching can effectively reduce the temperature difference and the stress between the core and surface during the cooling process of the module to avoid the risk of distortion and cracking. Vacuum isothermal quenching can increase the volume fraction of bainite in the core of the module while avoiding pearlite formation and carbides precipitating along the grain boundary, and with the increase of the isothermal time, the more core bainite will be generated. The experimental verification of vacuum isothermal quenching at 500 ℃ for 1 h carried out by using industrial equipment indicates that the temperature curves at different positions of the module are in good agreement with the simulation results, and the type of bainite formed in the core of the module after vacuum isothermal quenching is lower bainite with good toughness.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Simulation of thermal compression and texture evolution of TB6 titanium alloy

Mo Hongsheng, Cui Xia, Zhu Enrui, Ouyang Delai, Yang Chao

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 29-37. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.005

Abstract （95）

PDF （6396KB）（67）

Thermal deformation behavior of TB6 titanium alloy under different deformation conditions (deformation temperature of 1173-1323 K, strain rate of 0.001-1 s^-1) was studied by means of Thermecmaster-Z thermal simulator. Hot compression process was stimulated by finite element simulation software, and stress and strain distribution under different deformation conditions was analyzed. The results show that stress-strain curves obtained by numerical simulation is consistent with the experimental values. Finite element software is conducted secondary development and the ODF diagram of the compressed alloy is simulated, which has a high degree of agreement with the measured ODF diagram. The distribution of equivalent stress and equivalent strain is uneven, and the maximum stress and maximum strain occur at the center of the specimen. The stress and strain increase with the decrease of deformation temperature or the increase of strain rate. After hot compression, the main texture of the alloy is R-Cube_ND {001}<110>texture and Cube {001}<100>texture, and it has a certain degree of heritability. Increasing the deformation temperature or strain rate can strengthen the main texture.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation and system optimization of temperature field in silicon carbide vacuum sintering furnace

Xiong Li, Zhang Dengchun, Song Shichu, Chen Lin

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (6): 259-265. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.06.046

Abstract （91）

PDF （3115KB）（31）

In order to improve the heating efficiency and temperature uniformity of the heating system of silicon carbide vacuum sintering furnace, the ZSD4.5-1150C vacuum high temperature sintering furnace was used as a reference model, the Ansys Fluent software and DO radiation model were used to simulate the transient temperature distribution of vacuum sintering furnace under no-load condition, and compared with the measured data, the maximum error was within 10%. On this basis, effects of heating rate, diameter of heating tube and distance between heating tubes and effective heating zone on temperature distribution characteristics, and heating efficiency of the heating system were further studied, and the heating system was optimized. The results show that the heating efficiency and temperature uniformity of the heating system can be effectively improved by appropriately increasing the heating rate and the diameter of the heating tube. But the distance between the heating tubes and effective heating zone has little effect on the performance of the heating system. The specific optimization scheme is the heating rate of 9 K/min, the diameter of the heating tube of ø45 mm, and the distance between the heating tubes and the effective heating area of 50 mm. After the optimization, the heating time of the system is reduced by 60 min, the heating efficiency is increased by 30%, and the temperature uniformity meets the process requirements.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation and experimental verification for quenching process of 2A14 aluminum alloy components

Deng Xiaofeng, Yang Yuchen, Shi Wei

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (4): 223-228. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.04.036

Abstract （91）

PDF （3710KB）（20）

In order to predict the residual stress and deformation of 2A14 aluminum alloy after quenching, a material model of the 2A14 aluminum alloy during quenching was established with thermal expansion test, high temperature tensile test and material computation method. Based on the on-line measured temperature change during quenching process and the residual stress value after quenching measured by XRD, the surface heat transfer coefficient of the C-ring specimen during quenching was calculated by inverse heat transfer method, and the changes of the temperature, stress and opening distance of the C-ring during quenching process were simulated and calculated. The simulation results shows that the increase of the opening distance of the C-ring after quenching is 0.1158 mm, and the actual measurement is 0.1657 mm, which show that the calculated results are in good agreement with the measured results.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

End-quenching experimental curves and simulation calculation of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel for high-speed railway gears

Zhu Yuefeng, Gu Jialin, Zhou Huihua, Wang Zhixiang, Zhang Jinwen

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (12): 237-243. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.12.040

Abstract （88）

PDF （643KB）（32）

Three prediction models were used to calculate and predict the end-quenching curves of two batches of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel for high-speed railway gears, and then the prediction errors of different models were analyzed by comparing with the end-quenching test results. The results show that the Jin model obtains small error compared with the end-quenching test results, and can be used to predict the end-quenching curves of the tested steels. According to the comparative analysis of the predicted and the measured results of the end-quenching test, and combing with the hardness specification for technical conditions of the high-speed railway gear steels, the controlling method of the smelting composition of 18CrNiMo7-6 steel for high-speed railway gears is proposed.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation on thermal insulation effect of heat shield for vacuum furnace

Wang Shuobin, Cong Peiwu, Lu Wenlin, Du Chunhui, Chen Xuyang

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (6): 249-252. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.06.044

Abstract （82）

PDF （1645KB）（36）

Vacuum furnace with metal furnace bladder is mainly used to process some metal products which require a high vacuum atmosphere. The heat shield of the furnace is relatively expensive to manufacture and difficult to modify. Through simulation on the thermal insulation effect of the metal heat shield of the WZDGQ-40 vacuum furnace, the temperature field of each heat shield was obtained. The results show that when the distance of the two middle heating belts is adjusted to 200 mm, the temperature of the outer layer of the furnace is reduced by 80 ℃, which means that reasonable heating belt width and heating belt spacing can improve the thermal insulation effect of the furnace, and that the simulation can provide a certain reference value for the manufacture of this type of equipment in the future.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation of temperature uniformity of large thin-walled shell parts during high pressure gas quenching

Wang Jing, Zhang Xiaojuan, Tong Daming, Gu Jianfeng, Zhou Zhongping, Bai Lu, Zhu Lijian

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 9-15. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.002

Abstract （79）

PDF （5705KB）（68）

Fluid-solid coupling simulations were carried out for the large thin-walled shells during high pressure gas quenching. The numerical model was included the vacuum high-pressure gas quenching furnace and the large thin-walled shells which were aerospace components. The temperature uniformity of the shell during high pressure gas quenching in the vacuum furnace was evaluated, and the shell temperature distribution was simulated corresponding to the different gas outlet positions, different furnace charging and flow diversion conditions. The results show that compared with the original model, the quenching methods of one-outlet scheme, one-shell charging in the center of furnace and adding baffles can improve the temperature uniformity of the shell by 8%, 30% and 12.5% respectively, and the results provide an optimized quenching scheme for controlling the deformation of the shell.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Influence of laser shock wave propagation characteristics on dynamic plastic deformation of micro-dimple on E690 steel surface

Wang Zhimin, Huang Chunling, Cao Yupeng

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (6): 253-258. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.06.045

Abstract （74）

PDF （3070KB）（22）

Influence of laser shock times and shock wave propagation characteristics on dynamic plastic deformation of micro-dimple during multiple shocks was studied by using the software ABAQUS to analyze the propagation law of stress waves in E690 high-strength steel and the dynamic plastic strain of the micro-dimple on the steel surface. Then the accuracy of the simulation was verified by designed experiments. The results show that the attenuation of the stress wave caused by the shock pressure in the depth direction of the material shows the characteristics of first fast and then slow. The attenuation speed of the stress wave during the third shock and fourth shock is basically close. Affected by the synergistic effect of surface waves and longitudinal waves during the dynamic propagation of shock waves, the overall plastic deformation depth of the micro-dimple surface decreases along the center of the spot radially to the surroundings. Comparing the test results and simulation results of plastic deformation in the depth direction of micro-dimple after shocking for 1-4 times, the maximum error is 4.80%, indicating that the simulation model is accurate and reliable. Simultaneously, as the times of shock increase, the increasing trend of hardness slows down, and the micro-dimple surface appears hardening saturation after four shocks.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Finite element simulation of vacuum low pressure carburizing and quenching of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE steel C-ring

Yuan Li, He Dupeng, He Xin, Qin Xiangge

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (9): 257-263. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.09.044

Abstract （70）

PDF （628KB）（36）

Temperature field, concentration field, microstructure field and stress field of vacuumlow pressure carburizing and quenching of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE gear steel C-ring were studied by using the finite element model of martensitic transformation kinetics and carbon concentration diffusion coefficient. The results show that the carbon concentration distribution obtained after carburizing quenching can well explain the final martensite distribution in the surface layer. A reliable basis is provided for predicting the carbon concentration distribution and martensite distribution of the gear steel after carburization and quenching.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation of spiral bevel gear quenching based on thermo-fluid-solid coupling model

Liu Ganhua, Deng Shiyi, Huo Xiaodong

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 16-21. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.003

Abstract （68）

PDF （2435KB）（86）

Based on thermo-fluid-solid coupling simulation, quenching and cooling process of 45 steel spiral bevel gears was numerical simulated, and the influence of quenching medium flow rate on quenching results was studied. It is found that the maximum relative errors between the cooling curves of thermo-fluid-solid coupling simulation and traditional simulation and experimental measurement are 9.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Moreover, more accurate prediction of temperature distribution under quenching medium flow conditions is achieved, verifying the accuracy and convenience of this method. When the inlet flow rate is 2 m/s, the maximum hardness value is 52.0 HRC, and the residual stress is mainly favorable compressive stress.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Optimization of heat treatment process of bainitic rails based on simulation software

Chen Yanzi, Liu Xinyu, Su Hang, Xie Benchang, Cen Yaodong, Chen Lin

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 38-41. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.006

Abstract （64）

PDF （2456KB）（50）

DEFORM finite element software was used to simulate the quenching process of bainitic rails, and the microstructure and hardness of the rails were compared with that of the actual quenched rails to study the accuracy of the finite element simulation. The test results show that after simulated quenching, the hardened layer thickness at the rail head is 12 mm, and the hardness is 40.42-42.23 HRC, which are similar to the actual measured hardened layer thickness of 11 mm, and the hardness of 40.20-43.40 HRC, respectively. Using the color metallographic method and Image-Pro software, the bainite content at the rail head is about 63.80%, and the martensite+retained austenite content is about 36.20%. Compared with the simulation results (bainite content of 57.7%, martensite+retained austenite content of 42.3%), the errors are all around 6%. The accuracy of finite element simulation results is confirmed, which can be used to guide the actual production.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

First-principles study on mechanical properties of Ti_x(AlNbZr)_100-x series multi-principal element alloys

Zhang Qian, Li Zhiang, Liu Qianqian, Liu Hongwu, Wang Qingfeng

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (9): 250-256. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.09.043

Abstract （64）

PDF （638KB）（27）

By calculating the solid solution parameters and phase diagram of alloy, the formation law of the solid solution phase of the Ti_x(AlNbZr)_100-x series multi-principal element alloys was studied. The effect of Ti content on structural stability and mechanical properties of the Ti_x(AlNbZr)_100-x series multi-principal alloy was investigated by means of first principles method based on density functional theory. The results show that the Ti_x(AlNbZr)_100-x series multi-principal element alloys can form a stable solid solution phase, and the alloy is mainly composed of BCC phase and Al₃Zr₅ phase. With the increase of Ti content, the liquidus line of the alloy decreases, and the phase formation temperature of Al₃Zr₅ decreases, when the Ti content is 60%-70%, Al₃Zr₅ phase disappears and the alloy is composed of a single BCC phase. Increasing Ti content can improve the structural stability of the alloy. When the Ti content is 25%-70%, the alloy has good mechanical stability. The bulk modulus, shear modulus and Young's modulus of the alloy increase with the increase of Ti content. The ground state energy and heat of formation of Ti_x(AlNbZr)_100-x series multi-principle element alloys decrease with the increase of Ti content, indicating that increase of Ti content can increase thermodynamic stability of the alloy system and make the alloy easier to form a solid solution phase.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation of laser hardening of 40Cr steel hob textured surface

Zhang Shuaikun, Zhang Chaoyong, Wu Jianzhao, Tang Limei

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (5): 47-54. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.05.008

Abstract （62）

PDF （4530KB）（40）

Numerical simulation was conducted on the textured surface of 40Cr steel shield tunneling cutter after laser hardening. By simulating the temperature changes during laser hardening, the phase transformation caused by temperature changes during laser hardening was analyzed, as well as the formation mechanism of the laser hardened layer. The morphology of the hardened layer on the 40Cr steel shield tunneling cutter after laser hardening was observed. Friction and wear tests were projected on 40Cr steel, 40Cr steel shield tunneling cutter textured surface, and laser hardened 40Cr steel shield tunneling cutter textured surface to study their friction and wear properties. The results show that there is a parallel groove like texture on the surface of the 40Cr steel shield tunneling cutter. This texture and laser hardening can effectively improve the wear resistance of the cutter. After laser hardening, the textured surface of the shield tunneling cutter has the highest wear resistance, with a cross-sectional worn area of 47.3% of the textured surface of the shield tunneling cutter and 37.3% of the non textured surface of the 40Cr steel. The finite element numerical simulation is reliable and laser hardening can effectively improve the wear resistance of the shield tunneling cutter.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation and microstructure analysis of post-weld heat treatment for TC4 titanium alloy

Xie Benchang, Liu Xinyu, Zhang Le, Chen Yanzi, Cen Yaodong, Chen Lin

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (8): 242-247. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.08.041

Abstract （59）

PDF （3808KB）（46）

Ansys software was used to simulate the welding and post-weld heat treatment(PWHT) process of the TC4 titanium alloy, and the changes of microstructure and residual stress of the welded and heat treated alloy were analyzed. The results show that during the welding process, the temperature of each layer of the weld varies due to different heat inputs. The peak temperature of the first layer weld is the lowest (2183.6 ℃), and the fifth layer is the highest (2337.8 ℃). Due to the different characteristics of thermal cycles experienced by each layer, the size of martensite in each layer of the weld zone changes from 19.5 μm to 96.2 μm. The weld zone after welding is mainly composed of α_m phase, a small amount of β phase, some α_t phase and precipitated α_g phase. After the PWHT, the α_m phase in the joint transforms into a secondary (α+β) phase, and it is XRD observed that the (0002)_α diffraction peak undergoes peak splitting, a new peak (110)_β appears at 2θ=39.6°, the full width at half maximum decreases by 5.56%-43.75%, indicating that the crystallinity of TC4 titanium alloy is improved with the elimination of residual stress. The residual stress after welding is mainly concentrated near the weld seam, which is a fracture prone location. The residual stress along the direction perpendicular to welding is symmetrically distributed, which is basically the same as the distribution of temperature field. After the PWHT, all the residual stresses are reduced.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis and distortion control optimization of carburization and quenching for spacecraft gears

Yang Kai, Wang Pengpo, Zhang Yumei, Zeng Hong, Zhang Bin, Wang Tianming, Ma Yuliang, Wang Yanzhong

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (7): 22-28. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.07.004

Abstract （58）

PDF （4477KB）（60）

According to the chemical composition of the steel for a spacecraft power gear, the thermal-physical property parameters of the material were calculated by means of JMatPro simulation software. Based on the gear model and heat treatment process parameters, carburizing and quenching simulation analysis was carried out in Deform finite element software to determine the change of carbon content on the tooth surface during carburizing process, and the change of microstructure of the gear teeth during quenching process. Finally, according to the characteristics of herringbone gears and the precision control requirements of spacecraft gears, the distortion of the gear teeth after quenching is optimized by changing the quenching process parameters. The results show that when the quenching process is pre-cooling in air for 30 s, quenching in hot oil at 80 ℃ for 1200 s and then deep cooling at -100 ℃ for 7200 s, the amount of distortion is controlled better and meets the product requirements.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Control and parameter optimization in electromagnetic induction heating temperature uniformity of large thick-walled cylinder

Dong Jiaxin, Luo Yun, Jiang Wenchun, Gu Wenbin, Dong Pijian

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (3): 275-278. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.03.045

Abstract （58）

PDF （2632KB）（30）

Based on the electromagnetic induction heat treatment experiment of 100 mm thick-walled cylinder of Ø1900 mm with external diameter, a step-type temperature rise control method was designed, and the influence of different induction heating parameters on temperature field of local heat treatment of cylinder was analyzed, and the optimal electromagnetic induction heating parameters were obtained. The results show that, according to the technical requirements of the holding temperature of 595-620 ℃, the best designed parameters are that the 20 mm diameter induction cable is selected with the induction coil number of 16, the width of the outer wall insulation is 1460 mm, the inner wall is fully insulated, and the turn spacing of 32 mm is the best design parameters. The larger the current frequency of the induction heating, the faster the heating rate of the cylinder surface. In order to maintain temperature uniformity, it is recommended to choose a smaller frequency of 2 kHz within the appropriate range.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation on die quenching process of 9310 steel spiral bevel gear

Tang Menglan, Wu Yixuan, Tong Daming, Gu Jianfeng

Heat Treatment of Metals 2022, 47 (5): 234-240. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2022.05.041

Abstract （57）

PDF （592KB）（40）

Thermal-phase transformation-strain/stress multi-physical coupled model was established for die quenching process of 9310 steel spiral bevel gear by finite element software, and the numerical simulation of die quenching process was carried out. The results show that the design of mold has significant effect on die quenching distortion. The distortion of gear is obviously reduced by optimization of assembly dimensions and pressure angle of the mold. The eccentricity of upper and lower mold causes the distortion of gear, while it can be avoided by adjustment of core mold dimensions.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Numerical simulation of microstructure and distortion evolution behavior of C-type specimens during carburizing and quenching

Xu Yong, Liu Ke, Deng Yaoyao, Yang Bing, Lu Hailong, Luo Yi

Heat Treatment of Metals 2024, 49 (5): 68-73. doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2024.05.011

Abstract （53）

PDF （3860KB）（48）

Taking C-type specimen of 18Cr2Ni2MoNbA steel as the study object, the microstructure and distortion evolution behavior of the C-type specimens under suspension during carburizing and quenching were studied by using finite element method to establish a multi-field coupling model of temperature field, structure field and strain field. The results show that the calculated distortion results are in good agreement with the actual measurements. The maximum distortion is at the notch position of the C-type specimen. The maximum temperature difference between the center position of the maximum width and the surface position of the notch during cooling process appears at 2.78 s and reaches 383.437 ℃. The martensitic transformation first starts from the core of the notch position, and the content of martensite in the core of C-type specimen can generally reach over 94%. During quenching, the surface martensite transformation of the C-type specimen lags behind the core, the surface martensitic transformation content is significantly lower than that of the core under the influence of retained austenite, and the final transformation content is about 83%.

Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

Content of NUMERICAL SIMULATION in our journal