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  • Low pressure carburizing process for aviation bearing steel
    Wang Hui, Wang Haojie, Jia Tao, Tian Yong, Wang Zhaodong
    2020, 45(1):  1-5.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.001
    Abstract ( 86 )   PDF (4297KB) ( 78 )  
    Effect of low-pressure carburizing on the microstructure and properties of aviation bearing steel was studied by using Rockwell hardness tester, Vickers hardness tester and optical microscopy. The results show that a continuous network of grain boundary carbides is observed after carburizing, but it gradually changes to be discontinuous during the subsequent heat treatment process. The effective hardening layer gradually increases from 0.45 mm after carburizing to the neighboring region of the preset value (0.77 mm). The “bow” phenomenon in hardness curve of carburizing layer gradually eliminates, and the hardness curve becomes smoother from the carburized surface to the core. After carburizing, the hardness of the experimental steel is increased by 11 HRC compared with the original hardness. After the whole heat treatment process of vacuum and low pressure carburizing process, the surface hardness is further increased by 16-18 HRC.
    Effect of annealing temperature on mechanical properties of cold-rolled DP980 steel
    Kang Tao, Guo Jie, Zhou Wei, Chen Jun, Kuang Chunfu, Zhao Zhengzhi
    2020, 45(1):  6-10.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.002
    Abstract ( 73 )   PDF (2211KB) ( 33 )  
    Continuous annealing experiments were carried out on the DP980 tested steel by means of continuous annealing simulator. The evolution of microstructure and the change of mechanical properties of experimental steel under different annealing temperatures (775, 800, 825, 850 ℃) were studied by means of SEM, EBSD and TEM. The results show that with the annealing temperature increasing, the yield strength of the steel increases gradually from 705 MPa to 850 MPa, the tensile strength and the elongation after fracture decrease gradually (tensile strength reduced from 1150 MPa to 1030 MPa; elongation reduced from 8.9% to 5.3%), which are closely related to the structure and morphology of the sample. In addition, the hardening rate curves of the experimental steels show a monotonous decline at different annealing temperatures.
    Effect of V and heat treatment on carbon enrichment in austenite of bainitic steel
    Fan Pengyu, Liu Rong, Gao Guhui, Gui Xiaolu, Bai Bingzhe
    2020, 45(1):  11-15.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.003
    Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (1923KB) ( 42 )  
    Effect of V and three different heat treatments, namely, BAT, BQ&P and DBAT processes, on carbon enrichment in austenite during isothermal transformation of high carbon (about 0.6wt%C) nano-structured bainitic steel was studied. In order to capture the microstructure evolution during each route, dilatometric measurements were carried out on a DIL805L high-resolution dilatometer. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to measure and calculate the retained austenite content and its carbon content.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the microstructure morphology of the experimental steel during isothermal transformation, and the content and size of M/A islands were calculated. The results show that V microalloyingc an inhibit the bainite transformation and slow down the carbon enrichment rate in the residual austenite. The carbon enrichment rates of BQ&P process and DBAT process are different under the three heat treatment processes. The carbon enrichment rates of both BQ&P and DBAT processes are higher than that of BAT process. Hence, BQ&P and DBAT processes can be used to offset the retard influence of V microalloying on bainitic transformation.
    Effect of high temperature delay quenching processes on properties of medium carbon niobium microalloyed steel
    Xue Weihua, Lian Yapeng, Wei Hailian, Mao Yunlong, Shi Yingwei, Wang Hao
    2020, 45(1):  16-19.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.004
    Abstract ( 65 )   PDF (2521KB) ( 36 )  
    A medium carbon microalloyed steel containing 0.044% niobium (mass fraction) was studied through orthogonal experiments, and the effect of high temperature delay quenching processes on its microstructure, hardness, strength, plasticity and toughness was analyzed. The results show that the hardness of the steel is higher under high temperature delay quenching than that under normal quenching process. Under the experimental conditions, with the increase of the precooling temperature and the shortening of the tempering time, the strength of the steel is improved. Conversely, the plasticity and toughness are improved. The process to obtain the optimum strength is delay quenching at 1000 ℃ and tempering at 200 ℃ for 1 h. The process to obtain the best plasticity and toughness is delay quenching at 900 ℃ and tempering at 600 ℃ for 3 h, the corresponding percentage reduction of area is 53.8%, the percentage elongation after fracture is 15.1%, and the impact absorbed energy is 96 J.
    Reheat cracking susceptibility of modified T23 steel
    Zhou Renyuan, Zhu Lihui, Li Shixian, Zhai Guoli, Song Ming
    2020, 45(1):  20-25.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.005
    Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (2880KB) ( 26 )  
    Microstructure of CGHAZ in T23 and four groups of modified T23 steel was investigated by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Gleeble was used to produce the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) in T23 and four groups of modified T23 steel via thermal simulation of welding, and it was also used to evaluate the reheat cracking susceptibility by isothermal slow strain rate tensile test. The factors that influencing reheat cracking susceptibility were discussed, and the reasons for decreased reheat cracking susceptibility of modified T23 steel were analyzed. The results show that the grain size, intergranular precipitates, intragranular precipitates and solid solution elements have a significant influence on the reheat cracking susceptibility. Compared with T23 steel, the microstructure of modified T23 steel is optimized, leading to the decreased difference between intergranular strength and intragranular strength. Therefore, the reheat cracking susceptibility of modified T23 steel is improved.
    Effect of rare earth Ce on solidification structure and inclusions of 253MA heat-resistant steel
    Yang Lilin, Qi Jianbo, Zhao Liping, Jia Yongjie
    2020, 45(1):  26-30.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.006
    Abstract ( 56 )   PDF (2593KB) ( 25 )  
    The solidification structure and the morphology, composition and structure of inclusions of 253MA steel with different content of rare earth Ce were characterized and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscope, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that by comparing the solidification structures of two specimens, the equiaxial grain rate and columnar crystal refining effect can be promoted by the addition of cerium. The rare earth inclusions are CeO 2 and (CeO) 2 SO 4 , which have fine and near-spherical dispersion distributions. It is found according to the statistical analysis and grading that the increase of rare earth Ce content is beneficial to the increase of D-type spherical inclusions, which helps to improve the high temperature resistance and oxidation resistance of the 253MA steel.
    Heat treatment technology of ultra-high strength of quasi-intercritical quenching of 30CrMnSi steel
    Wang Jinling, Wang Haiyun, Luo Qingyun, Yao Chunchen, Tong Shiwei, Liu Zanhui, Xie Junhui
    2020, 45(1):  31-33.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.007
    Abstract ( 105 )   PDF (688KB) ( 31 )  
    Ulta-high strength heat treatment process test consisting of quenching and low-temperature tempering was carried out on the 30CrMnSi steel. The results show that the higher the quenching temperature, the higher the strength is. Both the conventional temperature and intercritical quenching can't meet the requirements of product performance, the dual-heat treatment process of quasi-intercritical quenching at below the conventional quenching temperature and above the intercritical quenching temperature and low-temperature tempering can make the tensile strength of 30CrMnSi steel reach more than 1520 MPa and has good toughness, which can meet the requirements of high-speed impact resistance of products.
    Situation and trend of heat treatment technology in wind power gear
    Wang Zhengbing, Zhu Baizhi, Chen He
    2020, 45(1):  34-41.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.008
    Abstract ( 58 )   PDF (4387KB) ( 45 )  
    Historical progress of wind power components heat treatment technology in China was reviewed, from the aspects of technical system, material choosing, equipment and instrument, quenching medium and test technology over the past 40 years. The research status of gear strength and the key heat treatment technical indicators such as chemical composition, hardenability, banding, purity, case depth design were analyzed. In addition, the gap between domestic and international advanced level was also analysed. The technical route in future should be focus on 5 aspects including strength improvement, raw material enhancement, promotion of green and energy-efficient medium, automatic and high-efficiency equipment application, and virtual heat treatment using. The key technologies of full face width induction hardening, pure water hardening, high-efficiency shot peening, high-temperature carburizing, continuous equipment and virtual heat treatment will lead the wind power gear heat treatment process and the equipment development trend of green, intelligence, and precision.
    Effect of heat treatment process on microstructure and properties of 30MnCrNiMo high strength steel
    Geng Wenyuan, Gao Ping, Wang Fan, Zhang Mingyi, Tian Yingchun
    2020, 45(1):  42-47.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.009
    Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (7226KB) ( 43 )  
    The phase transition temperature Ac 1 and Ac 3 of 30MnCrNiMo steel was measured through full automatic transformation measuring apparatus,and the quenching and tempering processes and subcritical quenching and tempering processes of the steel were analyzed. The results show that the transformation temperature Ac 1 is 653 ℃ and Ac 3 is 807 ℃.The complex phase microstructure of martensite and ferrite which is obtained from the tested steel after suberitical quenching and tempering processes is more uniform and fine than the whole martensite obtained from the tested steel after direct quenching and tempering processes.The yield strength of the tested steel is 1499 MPa, the elongation is 14.0%, the impact absorbed energy at room temperature and -40 ℃ is 35.5 J and 29.9 J, respectively.The plasticity and impact toughness of the steel are significantly improved, which effectively improves the toughness performance of 30MnCrNiMo high-strength steel.
    Analysis and countermeasures of common problems on using PAG polymer quenchant
    Chen Xiyuan, Guan Wei
    2020, 45(1):  48-52.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.010
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (1464KB) ( 29 )  
    Based on experience practice used PAG for many years, typical problems appearing in production field of heat treatment on using PAG (Poly alkylene glycol) quenchant were analyzed, such as pseudo concentration, big changes of cooling characteristic, corrosion of quenching parts, corruption and smelliness of quenchant, foaming of quenchant, etc. The corresponding solutions and countermeasures were put forward.
    Effect of multiple vacuum solution treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of superalloy GH1131
    Tang Lina, Yang Qiang, Zhang Tiande
    2020, 45(1):  53-55.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.011
    Abstract ( 47 )   PDF (1927KB) ( 34 )  
    The microstructure and mechanical properties of superalloy GH1131 after multiple vacuum solution treatments at 1100-1170 ℃ were studied by using vacuum high-pressure gas quenching process. The results show that the solution treated microstructure contains austenite grains and carbide particles, and the grain size tends to increase with the increase of solution treatment temperatures. After multiple vacuum solution treatments, the microstructure of superalloy GH1131 is homogeneous and the mechanical properties at room temperature and 900 ℃ are stable. The grain size of superalloy GH1131 maintains grades 6-8 after three times vacuum solution heat treatments of 1100 ℃+1130 ℃+1170 ℃, and the tensile strength at 900 ℃ reaches 200 MPa.
    Numerical simulation and experimental verification of effect of quenching medium on quenching microstructure and hardness of 42CrMo steel rod
    Zhang Wen, Zhu Baizhi, Huang Zhenjian, Wang Zhaohua
    2020, 45(1):  56-60.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.012
    Abstract ( 61 )   PDF (2780KB) ( 46 )  
    Based on finite element method, the microstructure, hardness and temperature changes at various positions of ø40 mm 42CrMo steel round rod specimens were analyzed when the specimens quenched by quenching oil and PAG aqueous solution respectively, and the simulation results were verified by hardness test and microstructure analysis.The results show that the surface microstructure of the specimens changes from austenite to martensite and bainite, and the core microstructure changes from austenite to bainite. Using PAG aqueous solution quenching, the surface microstructure of the specimen is almost transformed into martensite, and the core into martensite and bainite. After quenching by quenching oil and PAG aqueous solution, the surface hardness of the specimens is 58 and 55 HRC respectively, and the hardness decreases gradually from the surface to the core. After quenching by PAG aqueous solution, the hardness of the specimen is about 50 HRC, which is 5 HRC higher than that by quenching oil.
    Failure analysis of sheathed thermocouple used in coke oven
    Cai Xinnan, Ke Xian, Yu Feng, Wang Jintai
    2020, 45(1):  61-64.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.013
    Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (3110KB) ( 26 )  
    A sheathed thermocouple used in a coke oven in a domestic steel plant became invalid after installed, and used for 5 days, which could not show the temperature readings any more. The failure reasons of the thermocouple were investigated by means of macroscopic appearance observation, fracture analysis by the scanning electron microscope (SEM), microstructure analysis by optical microscope (OM), composition analysis by electro probe microanalyzer (EPMA), respectively. The results show that the failure of the thermocouple is mainly attributed to the preferential oxidation of the nickel-chromium end. Improvement measures and suggestions: select the right type of thermocouple reasonably when using, eliminate the oxide skin on the surface of K-type thermocouple and the intervention of reducing medium during processing, and adopt a smaller length diameter ratio.
    Effect of natural aging on microstructure and properties of GT35 alloy
    Xiao Lairong, Wei Daoming, Zhao Xiaojun, Cai Zhenyang, Piao Shengming
    2020, 45(1):  65-68.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.014
    Abstract ( 46 )   PDF (1381KB) ( 23 )  
    The influence of the natural aging process on the microstructure and performance of GT35 alloy was studied by characterizing the alloy phases, microstructure, residual stress, Vickers hardness and linear expansion rate via XRD, SEM, iXRD, Vickers hardness tester and lengthmeasuring machine.The results show that the TiC particle morphology and size have no obvious changes during the natural aging process. The Vickers hardness, residual stress and linear expansion rate of the GT35 alloy increase gradually when the natural aging time is less than 15 days, while they decrease when exceeding 15 days. The microstructure and performance are stable after natural aging for more than 90 days, and the Vickers hardness, residual stress and linear expansion rate is 945.7 HV5, -184 MPa, and -2.22×10 -5 , respectively.
    Temperature field simulation and experimental verification of Invar36/Ni60 composite coating by induction cladding
    Li Qi, Shi Yongjun, Sun Rui, Wang Ruihai, Zhai Changmin
    2020, 45(1):  69-75.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.015
    Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (2004KB) ( 37 )  
    The temperature field of induction cladding Invar36/Ni60 composite coating was simulated by finite element method, and the experimental verification was carried out. The influence of different process parameters on temperature distribution was analyzed, and the relationship between temperature distribution and coating quality was studied. The simulation results show that the highest temperature field of Invar36/Ni60 composite coating appears near the surface of the substrate. Current density and power frequency are the main factors affecting the temperature field. Increasing the content of Invar36 will make the temperature of the coating decrease slightly and increase the temperature difference between inside and outside of coating. In order to improve the success rate of cladding and reduce the crack defects, the temperature inside the coating should be controlled between 1430-1600 ℃, when heating the coating, a current density of 2.0×10 7 A/m 2 or less should be selected, and the heating time should be controlled between 24 s and 28 s.
    Effect of pre-solution treatment on rheological behavior and microstructure of AZ80 magnesium alloy
    Luo Shenglan, Huang Shiquan, Yi Youping
    2020, 45(1):  76-83.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.016
    Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (4765KB) ( 27 )  
    Pre-solution treatment was conducted on AZ80 magnesium alloy before isothermal hot compression. The influences of pre-solution treatment on the recrystallization, microstructure and rheological behavior of AZ80 magnesium alloy under different compression conditions were compared and analyzed by means of isothermal hot compression experiment, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis and electron backscattering diffraction. The results show that after the pre-solution treatment of 410 ℃×2 h, the coarse Mg 17 Al 12 phase in the initial forged material has dissolved, and during the isothermal hot compression tests, the rheological stress of the material after pre-solution treatment is lower on the whole than that of the initial forged material under the same compression condition, i.e., the peak stress is decreased by 10-30 MPa, indicating that the pre-solution treatment softens the material in the process of isothermal hot compression and thus improves the plastic deformation ability during the processing. After the pre-solution treatment of 410 ℃×2 h, and in the deformation temperature zone of 300 ℃ and below, the recrystallization mechanism of the material changes from discontinuous dynamic recrystallization into continuous dynamic recrystallization, and the recrystallization volume fraction increases significantly, the grains are fully refined and the plasticity is improved as well.
    Post-weld heat treatment of 2195 Al-Li alloy electron beam welded joint
    Zhao Li, Zhu Ruican, Xie Meirong, Wang Shaogang
    2020, 45(1):  84-90.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.017
    Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (5047KB) ( 23 )  
    Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) was carried out for the electron beam welded joint of 2195 Al-Li alloy. The microstructure evolution of weld zone under the different heat treatments was investigated by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD), respectively. And the strengthening mechanism of the welded joint during PWHT process was discussed. The results show that the microstructure of welded joint is greatly improved after PWHT, and the strengthening phases precipitate in weld zone, which is advantageous to the mechanical properties of welded joint. After solution and double aging treatment, the fine equiaxed grain zone (EQZ) near fusion line in as-welded condition disappears, and the strengthening phases such as β′, θ′ and T 1 , are generated in weld zone. Compared with the single aging treatment, the effect of precipitation strengthening is more obvious during double aging treatment. Tests of joint mechanical properties show that, after double aging treatment, the tensile strength of welded joint reaches to 492.5 MPa, which is 90.4% of that of the base metal. There are many small dimples on the fracture surface, as well as the cleavage facets exist, and the joint presents the mixed mode of ductile-brittle fracture.
    Effect of magnetic cryogenic treatment on wear resistance of 42CrMo steel
    Jiang Yijiang, Yan Xianguo, Chen Zhi, Hou Qiang, Chen Zhigang
    2020, 45(1):  91-95.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.018
    Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (1709KB) ( 25 )  
    Based on the temperature field provided by the cryogenic treatment and the uniform magnetic field provided by the permanent magnet, 42CrMo alloy steel was heat treated by magnetic cold field cryogenic process, and then compared with 42CrMo treated by conventional process and cryogenic treatment. The results show that the magnetic cooling process further improves the wear resistance of 42CrMo material on the basis of the cryogenic treatment process. The wear resistance of the magnetic cooling process is about 26.7% and 22.2% higher than that of the conventional process and the cryogenic process, respectively. The cryogenic treatment provides a temperature field that further converts the retained austenite to martensite; The cryogenic treatment also causes the supersaturated martensite to precipitate a large amount of carbon and form a large amount of carbides. The presence of a magnetic field in the cryogenic treatment acts on the α-Fe lattice, which optimizes the direction of carbon precipitation from supersaturated martensite, and the tempered troostite gathers compactly in the direction of magnetic field and improves the wear resistance.
    Effect of aging temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of GH2132 alloy
    Feng Guangyong, Gong Xiaochun
    2020, 45(1):  96-100.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.019
    Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (2018KB) ( 30 )  
    Effects of single-stage aging at 620, 650,680, 720, 750, 780 ℃ and two-stage aging at 720 ℃+650 ℃ on the microstructure and mechanical properties of GH2132 alloy were studied by means of optical microscope and microcomputer controlled electronic universal testing machine. The results show that the tensile strength and shear strength of the alloy double aging reach 1130 MPa and 720 MPa respectively, both are higher than that of the single aging. In addition, for single-stage aging within the temperature range of 620-780 ℃, with the increase of aging temperature, the tensile strength and shear strength of the alloy show a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reach 1065 MPa and 685 MPa respectively at 720 ℃.
    Effect of electrolyte concentration on electrochemical properties of AT61 and AP65 magnesium alloy anodes
    Zhu Lingli, Liu Hui, Fang Hongjie, Shi Chunli, Yu Kun
    2020, 45(1):  101-104.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.020
    Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (2030KB) ( 20 )  
    The composition of the rolled then annealed AT61 (Mg-6%Al-1%Sn) and AP65 (Mg-6%Al-5%Pb) magnesium alloy anodes were analyzed, the effects of 3.5wt% and 7.0wt% NaCl electrolytes on the electrochemical properties of two magnesium alloys were studied by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrum analyzer, electrochemical measurement and battery tester. The results show that the Mg 17 Al 12 phase diffuses into the matrix of AT61 and AP65 magnesium alloys after homogenization heat-treatment at 430 ℃ for 16 h; compared with 3.5wt% NaCl electrolyte, the discharge performance of magnesium alloy anodes have been improved in 7.0wt% NaCl electrolyte while magnesium alloy-air batteries have enhanced discharge stability.
    Effect of cooling mode on microstructure and properties of solution treated Inconel X-750 alloy
    Zhang Yahui, Wang Limin, Hu Ri
    2020, 45(1):  105-111.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.021
    Abstract ( 60 )   PDF (3728KB) ( 38 )  
    SEM, TEM, EDAX and phase analysis were used to study the changes of microstructure and properties of Inconel X-750 alloy after solid solution with different cooling mode. The results show that the water cooling and oil cooling inhibit γ′ precipitation, however spherical γ′ is precipitated after aging. After the furnace cooling, a cubic γ′ and a secondary spherical γ′ are precipitated in the alloy, and the spherical γ′ is precipitated again after aging. There is no carbide precipitation on the grain boundary after water cooling and oil cooling, fine needle-like M 23 C 6 precipitates on the grain boundary after aging. The block M 23 C 6 precipitates on the grain boundary of the alloy after furnace cooling. The carbide size grows slightly and the shape is basically unchanged after aging; the strength of the alloy is the highest after furnace cooling+aging, and the impact property of the alloy is the best after water cooling+aging.
    Effect of tempering on hardness of forged 1Cr17Ni2 stainless steel
    Peng Qianzhi, Zuo Huafu, Li Jianjun, Piao Xuehua, Yu Sanshan, Zhang Qiang
    2020, 45(1):  112-116.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.022
    Abstract ( 77 )   PDF (1267KB) ( 38 )  
    The effect of tempering temperature, tempering time,tempering times and cooling mode on the tempering hardness of forged 1Cr17Ni2 stainless steel was studied by orthogonal test. The results show that when the tempering temperature range is 630-730 ℃, the tempering time range is 120-360 min, the number of tempering times is 1-3, and the cooling methods are air cooling, stack cooling and sand cooling respectively, the influence order on the hardness of the steel is times of tempering> tempering temperature> tempering time> cooling mode, and the tempering hardness of the steel decreases gradually with the increase of tempering times, though other parameters have no positive correlation with the hardness.When tempered one time at 720 ℃ for 240 min, or at 680 ℃ for 720 min, followed by air cooling, the tempering hardness of the steel is always higher than 3.5 HBS.When tempered for three times and all at 680 ℃ for 180-210 min then air cooled, the hardness of the steel can decrease to 3.6 HBS or lower.
    Effect of tempering on microstructure and hardness of thick gauge NM450 wear-resistant steel slab
    Jiang Jinxing, Dong Junyuan, Wang Huihui, Wu Xiang, Zhao Weiwei, Zuo Xiurong
    2020, 45(1):  117-121.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.023
    Abstract ( 68 )   PDF (3530KB) ( 25 )  
    The microstructure and hardness of NM450 wear-resistant steel at different tempering temperatures (200, 250, 300, and 350 ℃) and duration (160, 190, 220, and 250 min) were studied by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Vickers hardness tester. The results show that the hardness of the steel plate fluctuates greatly in the thickness direction, and the hardness is significantly higher in the segregation zone than in other locations. Tempering temperature has a very significant impact on the hardness of the NM450 steel. After tempering, the hardness of NM450 steel decreases, especially in the segregation zone. With the increase of tempering and holding time, the hardness of the NM450 steel does not decrease remarkably.
    Effect of annealing process on microstructure and properties of TC4 alloy sheet
    Yang Liu, Dai Guanglin, Wang Ying, Wu Jingyi
    2020, 45(1):  122-125.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.024
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (2921KB) ( 40 )  
    Different annealing processes were used to heat treat the hot rolled TC4 sheet. The effects of annealing temperature and the holding time on the microstructure and properties of the sheet were analyzed and compared. The results show that the grain equiaxed degree of the TC4 sheet increases with the increase of annealing temperature, while the tensile strength and elongation change little, the yield strength decreases obviously and the hardness increases considerably. The microstructure changes from equiaxed to bimorphic type when the annealing temperature is higher than 900 ℃. When annealed at 900 ℃ for 4 h, the grain size increases rapidly, the plasticity can be improved by prolonging the holding time, while the strengths are affected a little. When the holding time is prolonged at 950 ℃, the hardness of the sheet increases greatly; when annealed below 900 ℃ and the holding time is prolonged, the hardness increases slightly.
    Effects of diffusion annealing and hot rolling temperature on Ti-Cu interfacial bonding strength
    Chen Shengchuan, Cai Guoshuai, Zhu Baohui, Ma Le, Wang Lu
    2020, 45(1):  126-129.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.025
    Abstract ( 49 )   PDF (1217KB) ( 23 )  
    Effects of diffusion annealing temperature and holding time on the interfacial bonding strength of a hot-extruded Ti-Cu composite rod by using diffusion treatment, and proper hot rolling temperature were selected by testing the tensile properties of Ti and Cu at high temperature. The results show that the diffusion annealing can effectively promote the diffusion of metal atoms at the interface and enhance the bonding strength. When the diffusion annealing is at 780-800 ℃ for 30 min, the bonding strength of the composite interface is the highest. The hot-rolling temperature of the Ti-Cu composite rod should be 780 ℃ at which the strength and plasticity indexes of Ti and Cu are similar and favorable for uniform deformation during hot rolling. The hot rolling bonding mechanism of the Ti-Cu composite rod can be explained by N.Bay theory, thermal mechanism and dislocation theory.
    Effects of alloying elements and annealing process on coercivity of electromagnetic iron
    Duan Meiqi, Wang Ruizhen, Cao Jianchun, Cai Mengru, Ge Xin
    2020, 45(1):  130-134.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.026
    Abstract ( 41 )   PDF (1452KB) ( 32 )  
    In order to make the electromagnetic pure iron obtain lower coerce force, the influence of alloying elements and annealing process on coercitive force of electromagnetic pure iron was studied by using Thermo-Calc software to calculate phase change temperature, serial temperature annealing, optical microstructure observation and analysis, dc magnetic property detection and other methods. The results show that the addition of 1.4%Si and 1.0%Mn can reduce the coercibility value of electromagnetic pure iron, while the continuous increase of the content of Si and Mn will deteriorate the magnetism and the coercibility will increase. The addition of 0.1%P has almost no effect on the coercibility. When the transformation temperature of pure iron is A 1 (880 ℃), the coercivity is the lowest when annealing at A 1 -10 ℃. When there is no phase change temperature, the coercivity is lowest at high temperature (1100-1200 ℃). H c value (16.85 A/m) is the lowest after annealing at 1100 ℃ with 1.4%Si of pure electromagnetic iron, which meets the coercive force requirements of super-pure electromagnetic iron DT4C.
    Stress rupture properties and microstructure characteristic of C-HRA-3 heat-resistant alloy at 850 ℃
    Chen Zhengzong, Liu Zhengdong, Dong Chen, Bao Hansheng, Zhang Peng, Han Kui, Gao Pei
    2020, 45(1):  135-138.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.027
    Abstract ( 49 )   PDF (2192KB) ( 32 )  
    The carbide characteristics of C-HRA-3 heat-resistant alloy during the creep rupture test at 850 ℃ were studied. The results show that when the stress is 120 MPa, the rupture time is 37.8 h. The main precipitated phases are M 23 C 6 and Ti (C, N) phase. Under high stress condition, M 23 C 6 phase precipitates along the deformation zone. When the stress is 80 MPa, the rupture time is prolonged to 491 h, the Ti (C, N) in inter-granular grows and coarsens, and the M 23 C 6 phase at the grain boundary partially dissolves, resulting in the indistinct grain boundary characteristics and the re-precipitation of the fine M 23 C 6 phase. The fracture modes of specimens under different stress condition are inter-granular fracture, and the crack source preferentially sprouts around the larger precipitates (M 23 C 6 and Ti (C, N) ), resulting in the decrease of the elongation of the rupture section with the extension of the rupture time.
    Austenite grain growth behavior of 500 MPa grade gantry steel
    Gao Cairu, Huo Xiwei, Song Yuqing, Du Linxiu, Qiao Peng, Qu Bingbing
    2020, 45(1):  139-142.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.028
    Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (1714KB) ( 23 )  
    In order to study the effect of heating temperature and holding time on the austenite grain size of 500 MPa grade gantry steel, two kinds of tested steels with different compositions were studied. The SK type tubular heating furnace was used to heat the tested steels to 1000-1200 ℃ for 15 min and 30 min respectively. The microstructure was observed after rapid cooling from high temperature and the grain size was determined. The results show that the austenite grain size increases with the increase of heating temperature and holding time, the addition of Cr has a certain inhibitory effect on the growth of austenite grains. The research results have a practical guidance for the development of actual production heating process.
    Effect of Ti content on microstructure and properties of AZ61 magnesium alloy
    Yan Zenan, Wang Liping, Feng Yicheng, Zhao Lili, Zhao Sicong, Guo Erjun
    2020, 45(1):  143-149.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.029
    Abstract ( 54 )   PDF (4099KB) ( 26 )  
    The Ti element was introduced into the AZ61 by adding K 2 TiF 6 . The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ61 with trace Ti were studied by using XRD, OM, SEM, EDS and mechanical properties testing. The results show that with the increase of Ti content, the grain size of AZ61 alloy decreases first and then increases. When the Ti content is 1.5%, the refining effect is the best, and the as-cast grain size is 41 μm. The mechanical properties of the as-cast and heat-treated states first increase and then decrease, and the tensile strength reaches 201.5 MPa and 223.5 MPa, respectively.
    Effect of annealing temperature on precipitated phase and texture of new zirconium alloy sheet strip
    Zhou Dianwu, Wu Danhua, Wang Hao, Liu Jinshui, Zhang Fuquan, Wang Lian
    2020, 45(1):  150-155.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.030
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (3632KB) ( 29 )  
    Microstructure of a new zirconium alloy sheet strip with good punching properties was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and ultra high resolution transmission electron microscopy, including grain and second phase particles, and to explore the effect of annealing temperatures on the microstructure of strip under vacuum heat treatment. The results show that the average grain size of the finished strip of the new zirconium alloy sheet is 2.17 μm. There are two textures of {0001}<1010> and {0001}<1120>. Most of the grains {0001}<1120> parallel strip RD direction, less grain with <1010> parallel strip RD direction. The second phase particles are distributed inside the grain and at the grain boundary, with an average size of 114 nm, a large size is an irregular elliptical Zr-Nb-Fe phase, and a smaller is a circular β-Nb phase. As the heat treatment annealing temperature decreases, the strip grain size decreases, and the second phase particles are fine and dispersed. The good punching performance of the new zirconium alloy sheet is mainly due to the fact that the rolling accumulating strain-induced recrystallization process is sufficient, resulting in fine grain and broken twins. Relative to rolling deformation, annealing has no significant effect on strip punching performance.
    Effect of BN content on microstructure and properties of ZrBN alloys
    Sun Yueying, Jing Ran, Ye Xi, Xie Niansuo
    2020, 45(1):  156-159.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.031
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (2906KB) ( 23 )  
    As-cast ZrBN alloys (BN=0.5wt%, 0.7wt%, 1.0wt%, 1.5wt%, 2.0wt%) were prepared via non-consumable arc melting furnace under Ar atmosphere. The effect of the BN content on the phase structure, microstructure and mechanical properties of the ZrBN alloys were examined by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-hardness tester and mechanical properties testing system.The results show that the diffraction peaks of the intermetallic ZrB 2 phase are presented after BN addition, and their intensities increase with the BN content increasing. With the addition of BN, the grain size of the alloys is obviously refined and evenly distributed,while the size of the rod-like ZrB 2 phase increases rapidly when the BN content reaches 1.5wt%. When the BN content is 0.5wt%,the alloy possesses excellent comprehensive mechanical properties,with the compressive strength, yield strength and compressive plasticity being 1311 MPa, 928 MPa and 16.71%, respectively, and the compressive fracture morphology presents the ductile fracture mode. Whereas, when the BN content is increased further, the ductility of the alloys dramatically declines, and the compressive fracture changes gradually to the brittle one.
    Effect of nitrogen content on microstructure and properties of high nitrogen CrMnMo austenitic stainless steel
    Weng Jianyin, Dong Han, Li Bei, Bao Xianyong, Ning Xiaozhi
    2020, 45(1):  160-163.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.032
    Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (2007KB) ( 29 )  
    High nitrogen CrMnMo austenitic stainless steels with nitrogen content of 0.008%-0.77% were designed and smelted with 18Cr14Mn3Mo steel as the basic composition. The effect of N content on the hardness, scratch resistance, plasticity and strength was studied by means of mechanical properties test, metallographic observation and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that when the N content is 0.42% or less, the microstructure is austenite plus a certain amount of ferrite, and the existence of such ferrite makes both the plasticity and the toughness of the steel poorer. The steel with 0.77%N has the highest hardness of 273 HV0.5 and the best scratch resistance. The steel with 0.59%N has the best plasticity and toughness with the percentage reduction of area after fracture of 79% and the impact absorbed energy of 422 J. Comprehensively considering, the optimum N content of the high nitrogen CrMnMo austenitic stainless steel is 0.77%.
    Precipitation behavior of 0Cr14Mn21NiN austenitic stainless steel
    Li Kaiqiang, Qu Huapeng, Feng Hanqiu, Lang Yuping, Chen Haitao, Yang Yinhui
    2020, 45(1):  164-169.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.033
    Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (3274KB) ( 32 )  
    Thermo-mechanical calculation software of Thermal-Calc was used to calculate the thermodynamic characteristics of carbide precipitation in 0Cr14Mn21NiN austenitic stainless steel. The effects of aging temperature, holding time and deformation on the precipitation behavior of the experimental steel were investigated by means of metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the precipitation phase is mainly Cr 23 C 6 produced at the grain boundary, and the sensitive temperature for precipitation of the experimental steel is about 750-850 ℃. The precipitation phase can be obviously observed at the grain boundary of the experimental steel aged at 800 ℃ for 30 min. With the prolongation of the holding time, the content of the precipitated phase increases gradually, the size becomes larger, and gradually grows into the grain. The deformation before aging significantly shortens the incubation time of the precipitated phase, and more precipitated phases can be observed at the grain boundary of the experimental steel when kept for 1 min after deformation, and the grain boundary becomes coarsened.
    Quantitative study on secondary phase precipitation of rare earth cold-rolled sheet during annealing in CSP process
    Guo Chunyan, Liu Yubao, Gao Rizeng, Lü Weidong
    2020, 45(1):  170-173.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.034
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (1330KB) ( 22 )  
    Precipitation behavior of the secondary phases of rare earth cold-rolled sheet during annealing based on CSP process was studied. The 685 ℃×9 h annealing process of an enterprise was simulated. The change of microstructure and macroscopic texture before and after annealing ere analyzed by means of optical microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The secondary phase particles were extracted from the experimental steel by non-aqueous electrolysis separation method and the secondary phases were analyzed by X-ray diffractometer. The chemical method was used to quantitatively analyze the change of the secondary phases precipitation during the annealing process of the steel and the precipitation behavior of the secondary phases were analyzed by the precipitation kinetics calculation. The results indicate that after the annealing process, the grains of the steel are transformed from a typical fibrous cold-rolled microstructure to a recrystallized cake-shaped grain and non-{111} textures are weakened while {111} textures enhanced. The secondary phases in the steel are mainly MnS, Fe 3 C and AlN types. In the scope of this experiment, MnS hardly precipitates during the annealing process. Fe 3 C mainly precipitates during the room temperature to 570 ℃. AlN precipitates continuously with the annealing temperature increasing, and precipitates fastest at about 685 ℃.
    Homogenization process and microstructure evolution of Al-4.5Cu-3.5Zn-0.5Mg as-cast alloy
    Wang Nanhai, Yi Danqing, Wang Haisheng, Cheng Yong
    2020, 45(1):  174-180.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.035
    Abstract ( 40 )   PDF (3299KB) ( 27 )  
    The microstructure of an as-cast Al-4.5Cu-3.5Zn-0.5Mg alloy and its evolution during different two-step homogenization treatments were studied by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and optical microscope (OM). The results show that the as-cast microstructure is mainly composed of α-Al and coarse Al 2 Cu phase with a small amount of AlZnMgCu and Al 7 Cu 2 Fe phases, and severe dendritic segregation of alloying elements exists in the alloy ingot. After homogenized at 470 ℃ for 12 h, the AlZnMgCu phase is mainly dissolved into the matrix. The Al 2 Cu phase is gradually dissolved into the matrix by increasing the second-step homogenization temperature from 490 ℃ to 520 ℃ or prolonging the holding time, and all the alloying elements tend to be homogenized. The over burnt temperature of the alloy is 520 ℃, and the proper homogenization process is 470 ℃×12 h+510 ℃×32 h, which agrees well with the kinetic calculation results of homogenization.
    Edge crack and anisotropy of mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy under high strain rate rolling
    Liu Xiao, Wang Yangyang, Zhu Biwu, Sun Youping, Yang Hui, Tang Changping
    2020, 45(1):  181-187.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.036
    Abstract ( 42 )   PDF (3120KB) ( 27 )  
    High strain rate rolling was carried out on as-casting AZ31 magnesium alloys over the temperature ranges 300 to 400 ℃ with average strain rates of 10-29 s -1 . The edge cracks, microstructures and anisotropy of mechanical properties were investigated. The results show that with increasing the average strain rate, edge crack is improved. The change of edge crack length at 300 ℃ is more obvious than that at 350 ℃ and 400 ℃. Affected by the temperature rise and average strain rate, the grain size does not decrease, but fluctuates with average strain rate increasing. At a relatively low strain rate, the anisotropy of the sheet is obvious due to the existence of enlongated grains. With the increase of the average strain rate, the amount of enlongated grains decreases and the microstructures are gradually uniform, which can be attributed to the complete recrystallization. Finally, the anisotropy of the sheet is improved. The ductile fracture is the main fracture mechanism for the rolled sheet.
    Heat treatment process of forged bucket tooth and its microstructure and properties
    Wang Yufei, Zhi Aijuan, Zhang Guanfeng, Zhang Shaopeng, Zhang Danwen, Ren Fengzhang
    2020, 45(1):  188-192.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.037
    Abstract ( 140 )   PDF (1701KB) ( 32 )  
    The Rockwell hardness and microstructure of different locations of 30CrMnSi steel bucket teeth forged and intercritical quenched were analyzed, respectively. The microstructure and properties of 30CrMnSi steel treated by different simulated forging residual heat quenching process were compared. The results show that the surface hardness of the bucket tooth is slightly lower than the subsurface by 2-3 HRC, tooth tip hardness is higher than the root by 5-10 HRC. By simulating forging residual heat subsection quenching, the impact toughness of 30CrMnSi steel is the highest when quenched at 870 ℃, which is 74 J. When the quenching temperature is below 870 ℃, the impact toughness will decrease due to inhomogeneous austenitization or the appearance of more ferrite; When the quenching temperature is higher than 870 ℃, due to the austenite grain coarsening during heating, the martensite obtained after quenching is also coarse, and the impact toughness decreases. It is suggested that the integral quenching process of the tooth tip and tooth root entering water at the same time should be adopted, in order to obtain higher hardness and toughness for the whole bucket tooth.
    Effect of two-stage creep-aging on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 7050 aluminum alloy containing Sc
    Zheng Shanhong, Guo Qiaoneng, Liu Zhiyong, Wang Mingxing
    2020, 45(1):  193-198.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.038
    Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (1614KB) ( 21 )  
    Effect of two-stage creep-aging on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the 7050 Al alloy containing Sc was investigated, and compared with the test results of one-stage creep-aging and stress-free two-stage aging for the same alloy. The results show that two-stage creep-aging can obviously enhance the mechanical properties of the 7050 Al alloy containing scandium (Sc) comparing with one-stage creep-aging. The one-stage creep-aged or two-stage creep-aged alloys appear a better corrosion resistance than the stress-free aged alloy, moreover, the corrosion resistance of the one-stage creep-aged alloy is superior to that of the two-stage creep-aged alloy. Besides, the alloy one-stage or two-stage creep-aged in the state of compressive stress has a slightly higher hardness and a little better corrosion resistance than the alloy one-stage or two-stage creep-aged in the state of tensile stress.
    EBSD analysis on microstructure and orientation of high purity copper targets
    Zhang Limin, Zhang Zhihui, Zuo Yuting, Wang Shuming, Du Fengzhen
    2020, 45(1):  199-202.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.039
    Abstract ( 57 )   PDF (3609KB) ( 32 )  
    The 99.99% high purity copper target was hot rolled at 600 ℃ with 55% deformation and annealed at 280, 300 and 320 ℃ for 2 h, respectively. The evolution of grain size, orientation distribution and twins of the high purity copper target at different annealing temperatures were studied by EBSD technique. The results show that the large grains in the copper target are fully broken by rolled at 600 ℃. The annealing at 320 ℃ leads to more uniform grains and less twin content by 14% than that at 280 ℃. The <311> orientation of the high purity copper target can form easily during rolling, and tends to decrease when the annealing temperature rising from 280 ℃ to 320 ℃, while the<110> orientation tends to increase. Therefore, the 320 ℃ annealing temperature is beneficial to obtain uniform and fine grains, a lower twin content and uniform orientation distribution.
    Grain control of Ni-based alloy 690 and its effect on mechanical properties
    Liu Zhe, Feng Han, Zheng Wenjie, Song Zhigang, Zhu Yuliang, Gao Peng
    2020, 45(1):  203-209.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.040
    Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (2926KB) ( 29 )  
    The effects of C content on grain growth and annealing twins of alloy 690 with different C contents were studied. The results show that within the range of 0.011%-0.028%, the change of C content significantly affects the grain growth process of the alloy 690, and its average grain size gradually decrease with the increase of C content. Especially when C content is between 0.020% and 0.028%, the grain refinement effect of C content is more significant. The grain boundary volume fraction of ∑3 n (n=1, 2, 3) increases first and then decreases with the increase of C content in the alloy structure. The content of C in the alloy of about 0.020% has a higher distribution of the grain boundary volume fraction of ∑9 and ∑27. On this basis, the alloy containing 0.02%C is selected to explore the quantitative relationship between the grain sizes and mechanical properties of the alloy caused by the change of solid solution treatment temperature was further discussed. The influence of grain refinement on the mechanical strength of alloy 690 follows the Hall-Petch relationship of the dislocation pile-up model. Moreover, it is found by fitting that the k T value of the strengthening coefficient of tensile strength (18.95 MPa·mm 1/2 ) is smaller than the k y value of the strengthening coefficient of yield strength (23.67 MPa·mm 1/2 ), and the grain refinement has a higher strengthening effect on the yield strength than the tensile strength. The strength increment of solute elements caused by solid solution strengthening is 243 MPa, while that caused by grain refinement is 157-7 MPa. The main strengthening mechanism of alloy 690 is solid solution strengthening mechanism.
    High temperature dry sliding wear behavior of boriding strengthened Fe-based powder metallurgy material
    Fang Huimin, Zhang Guangsheng, Xia Liansen
    2020, 45(1):  210-217.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.041
    Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (4345KB) ( 24 )  
    Fe-based powder metallurgy material having boronizing layer was prepared with directly sintering at 850, 950 and 1050 ℃ for 3, 5 and 10 h respectively by pack powder boriding method. The morphology and the thickness of the boronizing layer were observed and measured by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the phase composition of the boronizing layer was analyzed by X-ray diffractometer. The bond strength of the boronizing layer to the substrate was evaluated by Rockwell-C adhesion test. The friction and wear performance of the specimens was measured by HT-1000 high temperature friction and wear tester. The results show that single-phase Fe 2 B is formed by boronizing at 850 ℃ and 950 ℃, while dual-phase (FeB+Fe 2 B) boronizing layer is formed at 1050 ℃. Both the adhesion test and the high-temperature wear test results show that the layer of the specimen borided at 950 ℃ for 5 h is the most tightly bonded to the substrate, with the highest resistance to wear and oxidation. In the high-temperature friction and wear experiment, the fatigue spalling and oxidative wear caused by microcracks are the main wear mechanisms of the boronizing specimens, while the un-boronizing specimens show severe oxidation and plastic deformation.
    Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L during ECAP process
    Lu Jianyu, He Xikou, Qian Zhiping
    2020, 45(1):  218-221.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.042
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (1858KB) ( 32 )  
    A 6-step room temperature equal channel extrusion (ECAP) test of equivalent strain to 1.02 was carried out on 316L austenitic stainless steel. The results show that the shear slip deformation, twinning deformation and grain fragmentation occur in the steel during ECAP extrusion, and equiaxed grains with average grain size of 80 nm and 61 nm are obtained respectively after 4 and 6 passes of extrusion. After 1 pass of ECAP extrusion, the tensile strength and the proof strength plastic extension of the steel increase from 674 MPa to 984 MPa and from 594 MPa to 922 MPa respectively, and the Vickers microhardness increases from 116.33 HV to 328.31 HV, but the plasticity decreases seriously, which can be improved by subsequent annealing at 600 ℃.
    Rolling, microstructure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy
    Zhu Xia, Dong Junhui, Luo Zhifeng
    2020, 45(1):  222-227.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.043
    Abstract ( 45 )   PDF (3124KB) ( 28 )  
    Effects of two-way rolling and one-way rolling on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloys in different original states (hot-rolled, water-quenched and air-cooled) were studied by means of OM, TEM and tensile test. The results show that the microstructure of hot-rolled Ti-6Al-4V alloy is composed of flake-like α phase, β phase and a small amount of equiaxed α phase. The needle-like martensite is formed in water-quenched Ti-6Al-4V alloy and the net basket structure is formed in air-cooled Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The optimum two-way rolling temperature for Ti-6Al-4V alloy is 700 ℃, at which the granular β phase is dispersed on the matrix α. The order of tensile strength and yield strength of two-way rolling Ti-6Al-4V alloy from high to low is WQ>M>AC, and the strength in the rolling direction is higher than that in the transverse. Compared with unidirectional rolling, two-way rolling significantly reduces the anisotropy of tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sheet, and the difference between the rolling and transverse strength of water-quenched Ti-6Al-4V alloy is the smallest, and the main refining mechanism of rolling Ti-6Al-4V alloy at 700 ℃ is the dislocation refine.
    Surface spraying and properties of AZ91 alloy for automotive engine
    Li Jing, Zhang Lifeng, Wang Sheze
    2020, 45(1):  228-233.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.044
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (3145KB) ( 45 )  
    Thermal sprayed Al coating was prepared on the surface of die casting AZ91 alloy to investigate the effects of heating temperature and holding time on the microstructure of AZ91/Al coating interface. The corrosion resistance and wear resistance of the diffusion layers were compared and analyzed. The results show that the Al coating is mechanically bonded to the substrate before heat treatment, and the metallurgical bonded diffusion layer can be formed at the interface between Al coating and AZ91 alloy substrate after heat treatment, and the thickness of the diffusion layer increases with the prolongation of holding time. When the heating temperature is below 375 ℃, the diffusion layer is mainly consists of β-Mg 17 Al 12 phase, but when heating at 375 ℃ for 8 h, it is α-Mg+β-Mg 17 Al 12 phase, and when heating at 425 ℃ for 1 h, it is γ-Mg 2 Al 3 and β-Mg 17 Al 12 phase. The corrosion potential of AZ91 alloy substrate and diffusion layers is in the order of γ>β>α+β> AZ91 alloy substrate from high to low, the corrosion current density of diffusion layers is all lower than that of AZ91 alloy substrate, the order of capacitive arc radius in impedance spectroscopy is γ>β>α+β>AZ91 alloy substrate, which shows the corrosion resistance of diffusion layers is all better than that of AZ91 alloy base material. The friction stability coefficients of γ, β and α+β diffusion layer are all higher than that of AZ91 alloy substrate, and the wear rate and the wear scar width are all less than those of AZ91 alloy substrates, in which the wear rate and the wear scar width of β diffusion layer are the smallest and has the best wear resistance.
    Failure analysis on cracking of die-forged connecting rod of 7A09 alloy
    Liu Yanmei, Zhao Meilan, Feng Hui, Bai Yaru, Li Yan, Wang Tiegang
    2020, 45(1):  234-238.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.045
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (1495KB) ( 30 )  
    The causes of cracking failure of die-forged connecting rod of 7A09 alloy were studied by means of fracture morphologies, macrostructure, microstructure, hardness, chemical composition. The results show that the cracks are originated from the specimens surface, and gradually extended to the interior along the grain boundaries. Simultaneously, there are grain boundary broadening and remelting eutectic microstructure in the cracked specimens, which roughly can be judged the burnt microstructure.It is concluded that the overburning owing to temperature being out control during heat treatment is the main cause of cracking of die-forged connecting rod of 7A09 alloy, and results in the decrease of hardness and grain boundary strength. And the relevant improvement measures are put forward.
    Failure analysis and improvement of bending cracking of low alloy Q345B steel treated by ultra-fast cooling process
    Yu Chunming, Zhang Jiming
    2020, 45(1):  239-244.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.046
    Abstract ( 53 )   PDF (3120KB) ( 34 )  
    Fracture morphology, microstructure and inclusions of bending cracking of Q345B steel treated by ultra-fast cooling process were systematically analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that a lot of large-size inclusions are observed in the Q345B steel which causes the crack initiation during bending deformation. However, the hard-phase microstructure including network cementite and granular bainite are produced during ultra-fast cooling process reduces the plasticity and toughness of the Q345B steel and promotes further the crack propagation. By extending refining time of LF process, controlling ultra-fast cooling rate and increasing the final cooling temperature, the inclusion size in the steel is greatly reduced, and the microstructure is transformed into ferrite and pearlite, thus the bending resistance of the Q345B steel is improved greatly.
    Size change of nitrided age-hardened steel
    Du Shufang
    2020, 45(1):  245-250.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.047
    Abstract ( 55 )   PDF (692KB) ( 28 )  
    Nitriding size change characteristics of the age-hardened steel were investigated and compared with the quenched and tempered steel. The results show that the nitriding size change of the age-hardened steel is slightly little bigger than that of the quenched and tempered steel which is related to the superposition effect of nitriding hardening and matrix age hardening of age hardening steel. Reasonable use of this superposition effect by pre-aging before nitriding can achieve nitriding layer strengthening while achieving control of the size change of nitriding parts. After pre-aging at 630-650 ℃ for 4 h and plasma nitriding at 520 ℃ for 40 h, the nitriding radial dimension increment of the 20CrNi3Mn2Al age-hardened steel gear sample is 0.056 mm and the deformation rate is 0.03%, which is similar to the quenched and tempered 42CrMo steel (radial size increment is 0.043 mm, deformation ratio is 0.021%).
    Analysis on black line defects in 7055 aluminum alloy extrusion profiles
    Zhang Jiangbin, Chen Yuanqing, He Kezhun, Li Jian
    2020, 45(1):  251-253.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.048
    Abstract ( 71 )   PDF (1324KB) ( 28 )  
    “Black line”defects on the surface of 7055 aluminum alloy extrusion profiles after anodic oxidation were identified by high-magnification optical microscope combined with energy spectrum analysis. The results show that the “black line” defects are caused by AlZr aggregation. Such defects can be eliminated by strictly controlling the quality of raw materials, improving the microstructure of AlZr master alloy, properly reducing the content of Zr element in the alloy composition range, increasing the heating temperature and time in the melting process, and melting the Al 3 Zr particles.
    Analysis on black line defects in P91 steel welded joint aged at 650 ℃
    Sun Xiong, Liu Sheng, Wang Shutao, Yang Chao, Yang Qingxu, Li Xiqiang
    2020, 45(1):  254-258.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.049
    Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (2295KB) ( 32 )  
    P91 steel welded joints were aged at 650 ℃ for 210, 1000, 3000 and 5000 h, respectively. The variation of both the Cr, Mo distribution and the M 23 C 6 volume fraction were investigated along the welding “black line” defect and in the normal microstructure area by using SEM-EDS and MPST (multiphase separation technique). The results show that the microstructure of“black line” defect zone is composed of δ-ferrite and precipitated M 23 C 6 , and some micro cavities and cracks can be found in the “black line”. Cr eq is higher and promotes δ-ferrite formation in the “black line” zone. The depletion of Cr, the volume fraction and the coarsening of M 23 C 6 in the “black line” zone is severer than normal level with the increase of aging time.
    Causes analysis of plunger sticking
    Niu Na, Yang Zhaoyang, Jiao Jinliang
    2020, 45(1):  259-262.  doi:10.13251/j.issn.0254-6051.2020.01.050
    Abstract ( 122 )   PDF (3096KB) ( 30 )  
    Plunger stick seizing up happened during plunger pump working. Causes of the seizure was examined by means of microstructure analysis, EDS, SEM, electron probe scanning analysis and hardness test. The analysis results show that the root cause of the plunger seizure is the severe reticulation eutectic carbide existing in the raw material of Cr12MoV. The internal strength and toughness of the plunger are reduced by these network of eutectic carbides. The contact fatigue resistance is lowered by the larger brittleness of the plunger spherical surface. Plunger seizure is caused by the metal scraping pulled off from the plunger spherical surface which is between the plunger and the sleeve.